BS/B.Com/ADC COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY Course Code: 8595/1428 Department of Commerce Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY Final: 9-4-2021 COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY LEVEL BA/ADC/BS Course Code: 8595/1428 Units: 1–9 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD (All rights Reserved with the Publisher) First Edition ...................................... 2021 Quantity ............................................ 5000 Price .................................................. Typeset by: ........................................ M. Hameed Zahid Printing Incharge ............................... Abdul Rehman Cheema Printer ............................................... AIOU-Printing Press, Sector H-8, Islamabad Publisher ........................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, H-8, Islamabad ii COURSE TEAM Dean Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities: Prof. Dr. Syed Hasan Raza Chairman: Tanvir Ahmed Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Course Development Coordinator: Asia Batool Complied by: 1. Arfa 2. Asia Batool Reviewers: 1. Hussnu-Nul-Amin 2. Asia Batool Editor: Fazal Karim Typeset by: Muhammad Hameed Title Design: Mushtaq Hussain iii CONTENTS Page # Introduction ...................................................................................................... v Objectives ......................................................................................................... vi Unit 1: Introduction to Commercial Geography ............................................... 1 Unit 2: World Commercial Geography ............................................................. 15 Unit 3: Commercial Geography of Pakistan ..................................................... 39 Unit 4: Natural Resources of Pakistan .............................................................. 59 Unit 5: Agricultural Resources of Pakistan ...................................................... 77 Unit 6: Transportation & Communication Channels ........................................ 99 Unit 7: Industries and Manufacturing ............................................................... 123 Unit 8: Domestic Trade ..................................................................................... 139 Unit 9: Foreign Trade of Pakistan ..................................................................... 155 References ....................................................................................................... 175 iv INTRODUCTION OF THE COURSE Commercial geography is one of the important courses offered in bachelor’s degree program at department of commerce at AIOU. Keeping in the view the importance of commercial geography, this course has been included in the scheme of BS/BA/B.Com. This course consists of nine units, each unit is provided with sufficient theoretical background and questions to develop strong understanding of the subject. Unit-1 is an introduction to commercial geography whereas unit-2 is describing the commercial geography of the world. Unit-3 is an introduction to commercial geography of Pakistan and subsequent units are describing the different aspects of commercial geography of Pakistan such as natural and agriculture resources, transportation and communication channels, service and manufacturing industries, domestic and foreign trade. The course has incorporated the recent trends, facts, figures and related institutions. The content of the course is taken from reliable sources including Economic Survey of Pakistan, Karachi Port Trust, National Transport Research Centre (NTRC), Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Chamber of industries and published material in recognized journals. Students are however strongly encouraged to widen their understanding through looking at other supporting books and publications. At the end I would like to pay gratitude to the experts helped in compiling the contents and faculty at department for their support. Your suggestions however for improvements will be welcomed always. Ms. Asia Batool Course Coordinator v OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE The main objective of this course is to understand the geography and its importance in economic and commercial prospective. However, after going through this course, student will be able to: 1. to understand basic concepts and key approaches in Commercial and Economic Geography. 2. to know the continents of the world and their location. 3. to introduce the geographical location and neighbor countries of Pakistan. 4. to elaborate the major economic zones of Pakistan. 5. to explain the types of mineral and agriculture resources in different regions of Pakistan. 6. to know the modern electronic media and its role in the development and progress of a country. 7. to know the concept of special industrial and export processing zones. 8. to understand the procedure of domestic and foreign trade. vi Unit–1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY Complied by: Arifa Asia Batool Reviewed by: Huss-Nul-Amin 1 CONTENTS Page # Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Definition and Meaning of Geography .................................................... 4 1.2 Branches of Geography............................................................................ 5 1.2.1 Human Geography ....................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Physical Geography ..................................................................... 5 1.3 Approaches to Economic Geography ...................................................... 6 1.4 Economic and Commercial Geography ................................................... 6 1.5 Scope of Economic and Commercial Geography .................................... 7 1.6 Key Concepts of Economic Geography ................................................... 8 1.7 Importance of Economic and Commercial Geography ........................... 9 1.8 Theories in Economic Geography ........................................................... 10 1.3.1 Neo-Classical Approach, Location Theory .................................. 10 1.3.2 Marxist-Inspired Approaches and uneven development .............. 11 1.3.3 Alternatives Approaches and New Economic Geography ........... 12 Summery ........................................................................................................... 13 Self-Assessment Questions .............................................................................. 14 2 INTRODUCTION The Commercial geography is the combination of two Greek Words Geo means the earth and Grapy means the description. In this unit introduced about the concept of commercial geography. Commercial geography is the relation between the Geographic features and the commercial activities. In the second section branches of geography like Human Geography, Economic geography and Physical Geography will be discussed in detail. Additionally, concept of Commercial Geography will be explained through different approaches and theories. Neo-classical approach, location theory, Marxist-inspired approaches and uneven development alternative approaches and new concept of economic geography will be discussed in detail. Importance and scope of Commercial geography for students, ECONOMIST, traders, industrialist, agriculturist and rulers will be discussed. This unit will help to understand the modern Economic world through the study of Economic and Commercial Geography. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this unit is to understand the geography and its importance in economic and commercial prospective. The specific objectives of the unit are: 1. to understand the background of Geography. 2. to explain the branches of Geography 3. to highlights the scope and importance of Economic and Commercial Geography. 4. to explore the basic concepts and key approaches in Commercial Geography. 5. finally, to deliberate the theories of Economic Geography 3 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY Upon hearing the word 'geography' most people immediately think of maps which detail physical landmasses and oceans on the Earth's surface. While geography does include the production of maps (cartography), it is also the study of much more than just physical or even cultural features on a map. Geographers study the space and the temporal distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. The study of geography as a science of the Earth began from very early times. However, its scope remained limited, as its study was confined only to the environmental conditions in which the ancient lived; with the passage of time man also began to study the effects of environment on living things. The modern geographers tried their best to make the subject more interesting and useful. They tried to study geographical facts on scientific basis. Thus, the modern Geography included the activities of man on the Earth as an essential part for the study of Geography. The history of geography includes many histories of Geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups. In more recent developments, geography has become a distinct academic discipline. The history of geography was influenced by many theories, arising mainly from economics and geography. It is a subject which employs a geographical approach to provide