EFFICACY OF BRIEF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING INTERVENTION FOR TREATING GAMBLING DISORDER AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KENYA: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL MAROMA FABIO OGACHI A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY) OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 2020 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or for any other award. Signature_________________________________ Date __________________________ Maroma Fabio Ogachi C82/CTY/PT/32626/2015 This thesis has been submitted with our approval as university supervisors Signature ________________________________ Date __________________________ Dr. Muchiri Karega Department of Psychology Kenyatta University Signature _______________________________ Date ___________________________ Dr. Eunice Njeri Mvungu Department of Psychology University: Kenyatta University iii DEDICATION I dedicate this research to individuals who struggle with gambling and other behavioural addictions and encourage them that it is possible to overcome the challenge. I also dedicate this work to everyone trying to come up with Kenyan solutions for Kenyan problems. iv ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT I acknowledge with much appreciation the contribution of my supervisors Dr. Muchiri Karega and Dr. Eunice Njeri Mvungu for their invaluable insights and guidance throughout the process of conducting this research. I am also immensely grateful to Kenyatta University for giving me the opportunity to pursue my PhD studies as a tutorial fellow under the staff development program. I thank all the staff in the Department of Psychology for their encouragement and inspiration. I sincerely thank the management and staff of Mt. Kenya University for according me the opportunity to conduct this research at their institution. I am forever grateful to the students who volunteered to participate in the study. This research would have been impossible without them. I also thank the many Kenyatta University students who provided information on their gambling experiences that was crucial in conceptualization of this research. I thank my family for their love and support throughout my academic journey. May God bless you all. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION........................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT ................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................ x OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ...................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................................ 9 1.4 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................ 9 1.5 Hypothesis............................................................................................................................ 9 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 10 1.7 Assumptions of the Study .................................................................................................. 11 1.8 Scope and Limitations of the Study ................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 12 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.3Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Prevalence of Gambling Disorder ...................................................................................... 20 2.4 Gambling Disorder Symptoms .......................................................................................... 24 2.5 Gambling Frequency .......................................................................................................... 26 2.6 Amount of Money spent on Gambling .............................................................................. 31 2.7 Impact of Disordered Gambling ........................................................................................ 35 2.8 Media and Gambling.......................................................................................................... 40 2.9 Gambling Regulation ......................................................................................................... 45 2.10 Effectiveness of Gambling Regulations........................................................................... 50 vi 2.11 Summary of Literature Review ........................................................................................ 55 2.12 Rationale for BMII ........................................................................................................... 57 2.13 Description of BMII ......................................................................................................... 59 2.14 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 70 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 70 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 70 3.2 Research Design................................................................................................................. 70 3.3 Study Variables .................................................................................................................. 71 3.4 Site of the Study ................................................................................................................. 71 3.5 Target Population ............................................................................................................... 72 3.6 Sampling and Sample Size................................................................................................. 73 3.7 Research Instruments ......................................................................................................... 74 3.8 Validity and Reliability ...................................................................................................... 75 3.9 Pilot Study .......................................................................................................................... 77 3.11 Outcome measures ........................................................................................................... 81 3.12 Data Analysis and Presentation ....................................................................................... 81 3.13 Data Management and Ethical Considerations ................................................................ 82 3.14 Care and protection of participants .................................................................................. 82 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 84 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS .................................................... 84 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 84 4.2 Flow of Participants ........................................................................................................... 84 4.3 Baseline Data ..................................................................................................................... 85 4.4 Descriptive Statistics of Gambling Disorder Scores .........................................................