िव�ा �सारक मंडळ, ठाणे Title : The Panjab North West Frontier Province and Kashmir Author : Douie, Sir James Publisher : Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Publication Year : 1916 Pages : 393 गणपुस्त �व�ा �सारत मंडळाच्ा “�ंथाल्” �तल्पा्गर् िनिमर्त गणपुस्क िन�म्ी वषर : 2014 गणपुस्क �मांक : 052 The PANJARNORTfrWE FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR WJAMESDOUIE,MA.KGS'I. PROVINCIAL GEOGRAPHIES OF INDIA L Provincial Geographies of India General Editor Sir T. H. HOLLAND, K.C.I.E., D.Sc, F.R.S. THE PANJAB, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE ' AND KASHMIR CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, Manager ILottiJOn: FETTER LANE, E.G. IBUinburgf) : 100 PRINCES STREET £cfo lorfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 33ombao, (Calcutta atrti fflaDras: MACMILI.AN AND CO., Ltd. Toronto: J. M. DENT AND SONS, Ltd. aTofep.o: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA All tights reserz'ed AX" THE PANJAB, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR BY SIR JAMES DOUIE, M.A., K.C.S.I. Cambridge : at the University Press 19 1 6 EDITOR'S PREFACE T N his opening chapter Sir James Douie refers to the -*- fact that the area treated in this volume—just one quarter of a million square miles—is comparable to that of The be Austria-Hungary. comparison might extended ; for on ethnographical, linguistic and physical grounds, the geographical unit now treated is just as homogeneous in composition as the Dual Monarchy. It is only in the political sense and by force of the ruling classes, temporarily united in one monarch, that the term Osterreichisch could be used to include the Poles of Galicia, the Czechs of Bohemia and Moravia, the Szeklers, Saxons and more numerous Rumanians of Transylvania, the Croats, Slovenes and Italians of "Illyria," with the Magyars of the Hungarian plain. The term Punjabi much more nearly, but still imperfectly, covers the people of the Panjab, the North- West Frontier Province, Kashmir and the associated smaller Native States. The Sikh, Muhammadan and Hindu Jats, the Kashmiris and the Rajputs all belong to the tall, fair, leptorrhine Indo-Aryan main stock of the area, merging on the west and south-west into the Biluch and Pathan Turko-Iranian, and fringed in the vi EDITOR'S PREFACE hill districts on the north with what have been described " as products of the "contact metamorphism with the Mongoloid tribes of Central Asia. Thus, in spite of the inevitable blurring of boundary lines, the political divisions treated together in this volume, form a fairly clean-cut geographical unit. Sir James Douie, in this work, is obviously living over again the happy thirty-five years which he devoted to the service of North-West India: his accounts of the physiography, the flora and fauna, the people and the administration are essentially the personal recollections of one who has first studied the details as a District Officer and has afterwards corrected his perspective, stage by stage, from the successively higher view-point of a Commissioner, the Chief Secretary, Financial Com- missioner, and finally as Officiating Lieut.-Governor. No one could more appropriately undertake the task of an accurate and well-proportioned thumb-nail sketch of North-West India and, what is equally important to the earnest reader, no author could more obviously delight in his subject. T. H. H. Alderley Edge, March gth, 1916. NOTE BY AUTHOR My thanks are due to the Government of India for permission to use illustrations contained in official publi- cations. Except where otherwise stated the numerous maps included in the volume are derived from this source. My obligations to provincial and district gazetteers have been endless. Sir Thomas Holdich kindly allowed me to reproduce some of the charts in his excellent book on India. The accuracy of the sections on geology and coins may be relied on, as they were written by masters of these subjects, Sir Thomas Holland and Mr R. B. Whitehead, I.C.S. Chapter xvn could not have been written at all without the help afforded by Mr Vincent Smith's Early History of India. I have acknowledged my debts to other friends in the "List of Illustrations." J. M. D. 8 May 1916. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. Areas and Boundaries 1 II. Mountains, Hills, and Plains . 8 III. Rivers ..... 32 IV. Geology and Mineral Resources 5° V. Climate ..... 64 VI. Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees 7 1 VII. Forests ..... 86 VIII. Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Insects 90 IX. The People : Numbers, Races, and Languages 96 X. The People : Religions 114 XI. The People : Education . 122 XII. Roads and Railways 127 XIII. ^•cLriciis . « 132 XIV. Agriculture and Crops 142 XV. Handicrafts and Manufactures 152 XVI. Exports and Imports 159 XVII. History : Pre-Muhammadan Period 500 B.C. iooo a.d. .... 160 XVIII. History: Muhammadan Period, 1000 a.d. 1764 a.d. ...... 168 XIX. History: Sikh Period, 1764 a.d. -1849 a.d. 181 XX. History: British Period, 1849 A.D.-1913 a.d. 188 XXI. Archaeology and Coins .... 200 CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE XXII. Administration : General 212 XXIII. Administration: Local 217 XXIV. Revenue and Expenditure 219 XXV. Panjab Districts and Delhi 224 XXVI. The Panjab Native States 27I XXVII. The Northwest Frontier Province 29I XXVIII. Kashmir and Jammu 3M XXIX. Cities 325 XXX. Other Places of Note 347 TABLES I. Tribes of Panjab including Native States and of N.W.F. Province 359 II. Rainfall, Cultivation, Population, and Land Revenue ..... 360 III. Agricultural Diagrams 362 IV. Crops ...... 364 V. Revenue and Expenditure of Panjab 366 Index 367 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE i. Arms of Panjab ....... i 2. Orographical Map (Holdich's India) ... 9 3. Nanga Parvat (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazdra) . 11 4. Burzil Pass (Sir Aurel Stein) ..... 13 5. Rotang Pass (J. Coldstream) . 15 6. Mt Haramukh (Sir Aurel Stein) .... 16 7. R. Jhelam in Kashmir—View towards Mohand Marg (Sir Aurel Stein) ...... 18 8. Near Naran in Kagan Glen, Hazara (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazdra) . ... 19 9. Muztagh-Karakoram and Himalayan Ranges in Kashmir (Holdich's India). .... 21 10. The Khaibar Road (Holdich's India) ... 23 11. Panjab Rivers (Holdich's India) . • • • 33 12. The Indus at Attock (Sir Aurel Stein) ... 37 13. Indus at Kafirkot, D.I. Khan dt. (Sir Aurel Stein) 38 14. Fording the River at Lahore (E. B. Francis) . 42 Bias at Manali 15. (J. Coldstream) .... 44 16. Rainfall of different Seasons (Blanford) . 62.. 63 17. Average Barometric and Wind Chart for January (Blanford) 65 18. Average Barometric and Wind Chart for July (Blanford) 66 19. Banian or Bor trees (Sir Aurel Stein) 75 20. Deodars and Hill Temple (J. Coldstream) . 80 21. in Firs Himalaya (J. Coldstream) .... 82 22. Chinars (Sir Aurel Stein) ...... 83 23. Rhododendron campanulatum (J. Coldstream) . 84 24. Big Game in Ladakh ...... 92 25. Yaks (J. Coldstream) ...... 93 26. Black Buck ........ 95 27. Map showing density of population {Panjab Census Report, 191 1) ....... 97 28. Map showing increase and decrease of population {Panjab Census Report, 191 1) ... 98 29. Map showing density of population in N.W.F. Province (N.W. Provinces Census Report, 191 1) 99 30. Map showing density of population in Kashmir {Kashmir Census Report, 191 1) .... 100 31. Jat Sikh Officers (Nand Ram) .... 103 32. Blind Beggar (E. B. Francis) ..... 107 Xll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE 33. Dards (Sir Aurel Stein) ...... 108 34. Map showing races (from The People of India, by Sir Herbert Risley. With permission of W. Thacker and Co., London) 109 35. Map showing distribution of languages (Panjdb Census Report, 191 1) in 36. Map showing distribution of religions (Panjdb Census Report, 191 1) 115 37. Raghunath Temple, Jammu . 116 38. Golden Temple, Amritsar (Mrs B. Roe) 117 39. Mosque in Lahore City (E. B. Francis) 118 40. God and Goddess, Chamba (H.H. the Raja of Chamba) ....... 120 41. A Kulu godling and his attendants (J. Coldstream) 121 42. A School in the time preceding annexation . 124 43. Poplar lined road to Srinagar (Miss M. B. Douie) 128 44. Map—showing railways ..... 129 45. Map—Older Canals . J 34 46. Map Canals ....... J37 47. Map of Canals of Peshawar district 141 48. Persian Wheel Well and Ekka (Sir Aurel Stein) 143 49. A drove of goats—Lahore (E. B. Francis) 144 50. A steep bit of hill cultivation, Hazara (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazdra) ..... 146 51. Preparing rice field in the Hills (J. Coldstream) J 47 52. Carved doorway (Sir Aurel Stein) . !5i 53. Shoemaker's craft (Baden Powell Panjdb Manu factures) ....... 153 54. Carved windows (Sir Aurel Stein) . *55 55. Papier mache work of Kashmir (Baden Powell Panjdb Manufactures) 156 I- 56. The Potter . 57 57. Coin—obverse and reverse of Menander 163 58. Martand Temple (Miss Griffiths) . 166 59. Baba Nanak and the Musician Mardana 174 60 Guru Govind Singh 176 61. Maharaja Ranjit Singh . 182 62. Maharaja Kharak Singh . 185 63. Nao Nihal Singh 185 64. Maharaja Sher Singh 185 65. Zamzama Gun (E. B. Francis 187 66. Sir John Lawrence (from picture in National Portrait Gallery) ....... 189 67. John Nicholson's Monument at Delhi (Lady Douie) 190 68. Sir Robert Montgomery .... 191 69. Panjab Camels at Lahore (E. B. Francis) 193 70. Sir Charles Aitchison (Bourne and Shepherd) 194 71. Sir Denzil Ibbetson (Albert Jenkins) 198 72. Sir Michael O'Dwyer (R. Ramlal Bhairulal and Son) 199 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xm FIG. PAGE 73- Group of Chamba Temples (H.H. the Raja of Chamba) 201 74- Payer Temple—Kashmir (Sir Aurel Stein) 202 75- Reliquary (Government of India) . 203 76. Colonnade in Kuwwat ul Islam Mosque 204 77- Kutb Minar (Miss M. B. Douie) 205 78. Tomb of Emperor Tughlak Shah (Miss M.