UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Domestic Ritual and Identity in the Teotihuacan State: Exploring Regional Processes of Social Integration Through Ceramic Figurines Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8wc9w29z Author Hagerman, Kiri Louise Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Domestic Ritual and Identity in the Teotihuacan State: Exploring Regional Processes of Social Integration Through Ceramic Figurines A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology with a specialization in Anthropogeny by Kiri L. Hagerman Committee in charge: Professor Guillermo Algaze, Chair Professor Sarah C. Clayton Professor Jonathan Friedman Professor Thomas W. Gallant Professor Paul S. Goldstein Professor Richard G. Lesure 2018 Copyright Kiri L. Hagerman, 2018 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Kiri L. Hagerman is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2018 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page………………………………………………………………………. iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………… iv List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………... x List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….. xi List of Tables………………………………………………………………………… xvii List of Graphs………………………………………………………………………... xxi Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………… xxiii Vita…………………………………………………………………………………… xxvi Abstract of the Dissertation…………………………………………………………. xxvii Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………...………………………………….. 1 Research Problem……………………………………………………………. 8 Research Strategy……………………………………………………………. 11 Summary of Results…………………………………………………………. 14 Chapter Outlines……………………………………………………………... 16 Research Questions…………………………………………………………... 22 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………… 24 Sociospatial Variation in the City of Teotihuacan…………………… 25 Temporal Shifts in Style and Subject Matter………………………… 26 Transition to Statehood………………………………………………. 28 The Extent of a Shared Culture During the Classic…………………... 30 Chapter 1 Notes………………………………………………………………. 33 Chapter 2. The Theoretical Framework: Ideology, Identity, and Ritual Practice...….. 34 The Politics of Ideology……………………………………………………… 36 Political Ideology and Imperial Polities in the Americas……….…………….. 41 Ideology Materialized………………………………………………………… 49 Identity Formation in Society………………………………………………… 56 iv Ritual and the Performance of Identity………………………………………. 60 The Ritual Economy Approach………………………………………………. 67 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………. 71 Chapter 3. Core-Hinterland Dynamics During the Expansion of Teotihuacan...……. 75 Teotihuacan: The Rise of the Core…………………………………………… 77 Ethnicity, Religion, and Politics in the Urban Center………………………... 83 Research in the Place of the Gods: Survey and Excavation Projects at the City of Teotihuacan…………………………………………………………... 86 Settlement Patterns and Their Implications…………………………………... 89 The Basin of Mexico…………………………………………………. 89 The Teotihuacan Valley………………………………………………. 92 The Zumpango Region……………………………………………….. 94 The Cuautitlan Region………………………………………………... 96 The Temascalapa Region…………………………………………….. 97 The Texcoco Region…………………………………………………. 99 The Chalco-Xochimilco Region……………………………………... 100 Models of the Teotihuacan Polity……………………………………………. 102 The Extent and Nature of the Hinterlands…………………………… 103 The Case for Imperialism……………………………………………. 107 Excavations in the Basin of Mexico…………………………………………. 112 Axotlan………………………………………………………………………. 114 Cerro Portezuelo…………………………………………………………….. 119 Huixtoco……………………………………………………………………... 124 The Relationships Between the Sites Under Investigation………………….. 129 Discussion and Conclusion………………………………………………….. 134 Chapter 3 Notes……………………………………………………………… 140 Chapter 4. Theoretical Approaches to Figurines and Design of the Current Study..... 142 Theoretical History of Figurine Studies……………………………………... 143 Current Trends in Figurine Studies………………………………….. 145 Art After Aesthetics: Figurines as Social Agents…………………… 146 The Process of Analysis and Interpretation…………………………. 149 Case Studies of Mesoamerican Figurines…………………………………… 154 Research on Figurines from the Basin of Mexico………………………….... 159 Previous Studies on Teotihuacan Figurines…………………………………. 162 Eduardo Noguera……………………………………………………. 163 Laurette Sejourne……………………………………………………. 165 v Warren Barbour……………………………………………………… 165 Kim Goldsmith………………………………………………………. 166 Sue Scott…………………………………………………………….. 168 Kristen Sullivan……………………………………………………… 169 Teotihuacan Figurines: Production, Use, Significance, and Style…………... 171 The Evolution of the Teotihuacan Style…………………………….. 178 Methodology: Data Collection and Analysis………………………………... 184 Sampling Strategy…………………………………………………… 185 Data Collection……………………………………………………… 185 Data Analysis………………………………………………………... 189 Chapter 4 Notes…………………………………………………………….... 191 Chapter 5. Sociospatial Variation in Figurine Production and Consumption in Urban Teotihuacan…………………………………………………………………... 195 The Neighborhood as a Locus of Archaeological Investigations…………… 198 Characterization of the Teotihuacan Data Set and Figurine Assemblage…… 202 Descriptives………………………………………………………….. 205 Sociospatial Variation at Teotihuacan……………………………………….. 210 Proximity Zones……………………………………………………… 211 Analysis of Relationships……………………………………………. 218 Analysis of Articulated, Half-Conical, and Warrior Figurines—Torsos Only…………………………………………………………………... 225 Testing Figurine Distributions by Neighborhood Status…………….. 231 Diversity Within Types: Quantitative and Qualitative Variation Within Articulated, Half-Conical, and Warrior Figurines…………………………… 235 Spatial Variation in Figurine Size…………………………………………… 236 Articulated Figurines………………………………………………… 236 Warrior Figurines……………………………………………………. 241 Half-Conical Figurines………………………………………………. 243 Summary……………………………………………………………... 245 Variation in Figurine Decoration and Surface Treatment…………………… 246 Articulated Figurines………………………………………………… 246 Warrior Figurines……………………………………………………. 250 Half-Conical Figurines………………………………………………. 256 Discussion and Conclusion…………………………………………………... 261 Variation in the Distribution and Production of Common Figurine Types…………………………………………………………………. 263 Implications for Ritual Variation Among Segments of Teotihuacan Society... 266 vi Chapter 5 Notes……………………………………………………………… 270 Chapter 6. Diachronic Trends in Figurine Style, Iconography, and Subject Matter in the Basin of Mexico……………………………………………………………….. 274 Assemblages Under Investigation……………………………………………. 276 Axotlan……………………………………………………………….. 276 Cerro Portezuelo……………………………………………………… 277 Huixtoco……………………………………………………………… 277 Teotihuacan…………………………………………………………... 278 Characterization of the Data…………………………………………………. 278 Analysis of the Figurine Assemblages by Period…………………………..... 281 Middle Formative…………………………………………………………….. 282 Sexual Attributes……………………………………………………... 283 Body Position………………………………………………………… 286 Personal Adornment………………………………………………….. 287 Clothing………………………………………………………………. 290 Headdresses…………………………………………………………… 291 Summary……………………………………………………………... 292 Late Formative……………………………………………………………….. 293 Body Position………………………………………………………… 294 Sexual Attributes……………………………………………………… 295 Clothing……………………………………………………………… 298 Personal Adornment…………………………………………………. 298 Headdresses………………………………………………………….. 302 Summary…………………………………………………………….. 303 Terminal Formative………………………………………………………….. 304 Head Shape and Prognathism………………………………………... 304 Body Position………………………………………………………… 306 Personal Adornment…………………………………………………. 307 Clothing………………………………………………………………. 311 Headdresses…………………………………………………………... 315 Summary……………………………………………………………... 316 Early Classic…………………………………………………………………. 316 Head Shape and Style………………………………………………… 317 Figurine Types and Body Position…………………………………… 320 Personal Adornment…………………………………………………. 326 Clothing……………………………………………………………… 328 Headdresses…………………………………………………………… 332 vii Summary……………………………………………………………… 334 Classic………………………………………………………………………… 335 Head Shape and Style………………………………………………… 336 Body Position…………………………………………………………. 336 Distribution and Stylistic Variation Within Classic Figurine Types…. 338 Articulated……………………………………………………………. 338 Bound………………………………………………………………… 340 Fat Gods……………………………………………………………… 342 Enthroned…………………………………………………………….. 343 Half-Conicals………………………………………………………… 345 Warriors……………………………………………………………… 346 Personal Adornment…………………………………………………. 347 Headdresses………………………………………………………….. 349 Tassel Headdress…………………………………………………….. 357 Summary……………………………………………………………... 360 Regional Diachronic Patterns and Differences in Site Assemblages During the Teotihuacan Period………………………………………………………. 362 Terminal Formative………………………………………………….. 362 Early Classic…………………………………………………………. 364 Classic………………………………………………………………… 366 Discussion……………………………………………………………………. 370 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………. 376 Chapter 6 Notes………………………………………………………………. 379 Chapter 7. Diachronic and Spatial Variation in Paste Characteristics……………….. 382 Analysis of Paste Properties………………………………………………….