Feed the Future Mozambique 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report April 2016 Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, USAID Contract Number GS-23F-8144H/AID-OAA-M-12-00006, Feed the Future FEEDBACK Recommended Citation: Feed the Future FEEDBACK. 2016. Feed the Future Mozambique 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report. Rockville, MD: Westat. Cover: Female farmer in Mozambique in a Conservation Agriculture Demo plot, showing rotation between maize and a legume. Photo Credit: Paula Pimentel. Agriculture, Environment and Business Office (AEB). USAID Bureau for Food Security Contact: [email protected] Westat Contact: Detra Robinson, MA, PMP, Chief of Party 1600 Research Boulevard Rockville, MD 20850 Tel: (301) 738-3653 Email: [email protected] Table of Contents List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................ viii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... x Background ....................................................................................................... x Interim Assessment Indicators ..................................................................... x Interim Assessment Data Sources .............................................................. xi Summary of Key Findings .............................................................................. xi 1. Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Feed the Future Overview .............................................................. 1 1.2 Feed the Future ZOI Profile ............................................................ 4 1.2.1 Rationale for ZOI Selection ............................................ 5 1.2.2 Demography of the ZOI .................................................. 6 1.2.3 Agriculture in the ZOI ..................................................... 8 1.3 Purpose of This Report .................................................................. 10 2. Methodologies for Obtaining Interim Values for Feed the Future Indicators ........................................................................................... 11 2.1 Data Sources ..................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Primary Data: The ZOI Interim Survey in Mozambique ...................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Comparability of Data Sources Used for the ZOI Interim Assessment ................................................ 17 2.2 Measures and Reporting Conventions Used Throughout This Report ................................................................ 18 2.2.1 Standard Disaggregates .................................................. 18 2.2.2 Reporting Conventions .................................................. 20 3. Zone of Influence (ZOI) Interim Survey Population ............................. 22 3.1 Demographics ................................................................................... 22 3.2 Living Conditions ............................................................................. 25 3.3 Education ........................................................................................... 26 4. Household Economic Status ....................................................................... 30 4.1 Daily Per Capita Expenditures ...................................................... 31 4.2 Prevalence and Depth of Poverty in the ZOI ........................... 33 4.2.1 The $1.25 Poverty Threshold ....................................... 33 4.2.2 The National Poverty Threshold ................................. 35 4.2.3 The National Extreme Poverty Threshold ................ 37 5. Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture .................................................. 39 5.1 Overview ........................................................................................... 39 5.2 Production ......................................................................................... 41 5.3 Productive Resources ..................................................................... 44 5.4 Leadership in the Community ....................................................... 47 5.5 Time Use............................................................................................ 49 Feed the Future Mozambique 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report iii Table of Contents (continued) 6. Hunger and Dietary Intake .......................................................................... 51 6.1 Household Hunger .......................................................................... 51 6.2 Dietary Intake ................................................................................... 53 6.2.1 Dietary Diversity Among Women Age 15-49 Years ................................................................................... 53 6.2.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding .................................... 57 6.2.3 Consumption of Targeted Nutrient-Rich Value Chain Commodities (NRVCCs) ....................... 62 6.2.4 Mission Item of Interest: Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (OFSP) .................................................. 65 7. Nutritional Status of Women and Children ............................................ 68 7.1 Body Mass Index (BMI) of Women Age 15-49 Years .............. 68 7.2 Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight Among Children Under 5 Years .................................................................................. 69 7.2.1 Stunting (Height-for-Age) .............................................. 70 7.2.2 Wasting (Weight-for-Height) ....................................... 71 7.2.3 Underweight (Weight-for-Age) .................................... 74 8. Mobile Money ................................................................................................. 76 9. Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................... 81 9.1 Summary of Key Findings ............................................................... 81 9.1.1 Household Economic Status ......................................... 81 9.1.2 Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) Indicators ........................................................... 81 9.1.3 Hunger and Dietary Intake ............................................ 82 9.1.4 Nutritional Status of Women and Children .............. 83 9.1.5 Mobile Phones and Mobile Money ............................... 83 9.2 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 83 References ........................................................................................................................... 85 Feed the Future Mozambique 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report iv List of Appendixes Appendix 1. Supplementary Data and Figures .............................................................. 88 A1.1 Interim Feed the Future Indicator Estimates ............................. 88 A1.2 Interim Feed the Future Indicator Estimates by Program Area ................................................................................... 91 A1.3 Interim Feed the Future Anthropometry Indicator Estimates, by Children’s Age Group ........................................... 95 Appendix 2. Methodology ................................................................................................. 96 A2.1 Sampling and Weighting ................................................................. 96 A2.2 Poverty Prevalence and Expenditure Methods ......................... 97 Price Adjustments and Conversions ........................................ 101 National Poverty Thresholds ..................................................... 104 International Poverty Threshold of $1.90 2011 PPP ............ 105 A2.3 Criteria for Achieving Adequacy for Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Indicators ................................. 106 List of Tables Feed the Future Zone of Influence indicator estimates: Mozambique ................................................................................................... xvi Table 1.1. Population of individuals, by category, in the ZOI, Mozambique 2015 ........................................................................................... 7 Table 1.2. Number of households, by category, in the ZOI, Mozambique 2015 ........................................................................................... 7 Table 1.3. Agricultural yields, marketed volumes, and prices at the national level ................................................................................................... 10 Table 2.1. Data sources and dates of the baseline and interim Feed the Future indicators ........................................................................................... 11 Table 2.2. Sample size estimate for the four key indicators and exclusive breastfeeding................................................................................................... 13 Table 2.3. Results of the household and individual interviews for the ZOI interim survey in Mozambique 2015 ......................................................... 17 Table 3.1. Household demographic characteristics .................................................. 23 Table 3.2. Characteristics of the primary male and female adult decisionmakers ..............................................................................................