150 years of humanitarian 100 Number 907/908/909 Volume reflection Volume 100 Number 907/908/909 Volume 100 Number 907/908/909 Editorial: The International Review of the Red Cross: Witness to the humanitarian revolution Vincent Bernard, Editor-in-Chief Three short essays in honor of the 150th anniversary of the International Review of the Red Cross Jacques Meurant, Hans-Peter Gasser and Toni Pfanner Note: A brief history of the International Review of the Red Cross Photo gallery: The Editors-in-Chief of the Review, 1869–2019 Opinion note: The ICRC as seen through the pages of the Review, 1869–1913: Personal observations David P. Forsythe To inform or govern? 150 years of the International Review of the Red Cross, 1869–2019 Daniel Palmieri Note: From the Bulletin International des Sociétés de la Croix Rouge to the International Review of the Red Cross: The Great War as a revelator Annette Becker The International Review of the Red Cross and the protection of civilians, 150 years of humanitarian reflection150 years 1 Humanitarian debate: Law, policy, action c. 1919–1939 Ben Holmes 5 0 Reflections on the development of the Movement and international humanitarian law through the lens of the ICRC Library’s Heritage Collection y Ismaël Raboud, Matthieu Niederhauser and Charlotte Mohr e Cyber operations and the Second Geneva Convention a Jeffrey Biller r The prevention of torture in Rio de Janeiro: A study on the role of Public Defenders Étienne Chénier-Laflèche French foreign fighters: The engagement of administrative and criminal justice in France Sharon Weill Still a blind spot: The protection of LGBT persons during armed conflict and other situations of violence Alon Margalit Exploring the “continuous combat function” concept in armed conflicts: Time for an extended application? Sabrina Henry More humanitarian accountability, less humanitarian access? Alternative ideas on accountability for protection activities in conflict settings Natalie Klein-Kelly Returning foreign fighters: The case of Denmark Helene Højfeldt Jakobsen An environment conducive to mistakes? Lessons learnt from the attack on the Médecins Sans Frontières hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier and Jonathan Whittall A balancing act: The revised rules of access to the ICRC Archives reflect multiple stakes and challenges Valérie McKnight Hashemi ® MIX Paper from responsible sources www.icrc.org/eng/review FSC® C007785 Cambridge Core 150 years of For further information about this journal please go to the journal web site at: ISSN 1816-3831 cambridge.org/irc humanitarian ref ection 18163831_100-1-2-3.indd 1 03/09/19 4:29 PM Editorial Team Editor-in-Chief: Vincent Bernard The Review is a peer-reviewed journal Managing Editor: Ellen Policinski printed in English and is published Editorial Assistant: Jovana Kuzmanovic, three times a year. Kvitoslava Krotiuk and Saman Rejali Book review editor: Jamie A. Williamson Annual selections of articles are also Special thanks: Daniel Palmieri and published in Arabic, Chinese, French, Aim and scope Cédric Cotter Russian and Spanish. Established in 1869, the International Review of the Red International Review of the Red Cross Cross is a peer-reviewed journal published by the ICRC and Published in association with 19, Avenue de la Paix, CH 1202 Geneva Cambridge University Press. Its aim is to promote reflection on CH - 1202 Geneva Cambridge University Press. humanitarian law, policy and action in armed conflict and t +41 22 734 60 01 other situations of collective armed violence. A specialized e-mail: [email protected] journal in humanitarian law, it endeavours to promote knowledge, critical analysis and development of the law, and contribute to the prevention of violations of rules protecting fundamental rights and values. The Review offers a forum for discussion on contemporary humanitarian action as well Editorial Board Submission of manuscripts Subscriptions as analysis of the causes and characteristics of conflicts so Annette Becker Université de Paris-Ouest Nanterre La The International Review of the Red Cross invites The subscription price is available online at: as to give a clearer insight into the humanitarian problems Défense, France submissions of manuscripts on subjects relating https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ they generate. Finally, the Review informs its readership on Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier to international humanitarian law, policy and international-review-of-the-red-cross/ questions pertaining to the International Red Cross and Red Médecins sans Frontières, France action. Issues focus on particular topics, decided subscribe Crescent Movement and in particular on the activities and Emiliano Buis by the Editorial Board, which can be consulted Requests for subscriptions can be made to policies of the ICRC. University of Buenos Aires, Argentina under the heading ‘Call for Papers’ on the the following address: Hilary Charlesworth website of the Review. Submissions related to Australian National University, Australia these themes are particularly welcome. Cambridge University Press, University Printing Sarah Cleveland Articles may be submitted in Arabic, Chinese, English, House, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge Columbia Law School, US International Committee of the Red Cross French, Russian or Spanish. Selected submissions are CB2 8BS; or in the USA, Canada and The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Adama Dieng translated into English if necessary. Mexico, email [email protected]: is an impartial, neutral and independent organization UN Secretary-General’s Special Adviser for Cambridge University Press, 1 Liberty the Prevention of Genocide, Senegal whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the Submissions must not have been published, Plaza, Floor 20, New York, NY 10006, USA, lives and dignity of victims of war and other situations of Emanuela-Chiara Gillard submitted or accepted elsewhere. Articles are email [email protected]. Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed subjected to a peer-review process. The fi nal violence and to provide them with assistance. It directs Conflict (ELAC), University of Oxford, UK and coordinates the international activities conducted decision on publication is taken by the The International Review of the Red Cross by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Fyodor Lukyanov Editor-in-Chief. The Review reserves the right to is indexed in the Thomson Reuters Journal Russia in Global Affairs Journal; Council edit articles. Movement in armed conflict and other situations of on Foreign and Defense Policy, Russia Citation Reports/Social Sciences Edition violence. It also endeavours to prevent suffering by pro- Tasneem Meenai Manuscripts may be sent by e-mail to: and has an Impact Factor. The Review is moting and strengthening international humanitarian Jamia Millia Islamia, India [email protected] available on LexisNexis. law and universal humanitarian principles. Established Sorcha O’Callaghan in 1863, the ICRC is at the origin of the Movement. British Red Cross, UK Manuscript requirements This journal issue has been printed on Articles should be 7,000 to 10,000 words in FSC™-certified paper and cover board. Emre Öktem length. Shorter contributions can be published Members of the Committee Galatasaray University, Turkey FSC is an independent, nongovernmental, President: Peter Maurer as comments or opinion notes. Articles on not-for-profit organization established to Marco Sassòli, themes other than the main theme of an edition Vice-President: Gilles Carbonnier University of Geneva, Switzerland promote the responsible management of may be published under the heading ‘Selected the world’s forests. Please see www.fsc.org Michael N. Schmitt articles on IHL and humanitarian action’. Mauro Arrigoni Jürg Kesselring US Naval War College, US for information. Hugo Bänziger Thierry Lombard For further information, please consult the Sun Shiyan Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd. Edouard Bugnion Laura Sadis Chinese Academy of Social Sciences website of the Review: Jacques Chapuis Doris Schopper (CASS), China www.icrc.org/eng/resources/international- Melchior de Muralt Béatrice Speiser Andrew Thompson review. Christoph Franz Bruno Staffelbach University of Exeter, UK ©icrc 2019 Katja Gentinetta Heidi Tagliavini Cover Photo: A variety of editions of the Maya Hertig Randall Barbara Wildhaber International Review of the Red Cross Authorization to reprint or republish any text Alexis Keller demonstrating the broad range of ideas published in the Review must be obtained found in the pages of the journal over the from the Editor-in-Chief. Requests should be past 150 years. 2 May 2019. Credit: ICRC/ addressed to [email protected]. Sarah Roxas. 18163831_100-1-2-3.indd 2 03/09/19 4:29 PM Volume 100 Number 907/908/909 Humanitarian debate: Law, policy, action 150 years of humanitarian reflection CONTENTS 150 years of humanitarian reflection 1 Editorial: The International Review of the Red Cross: Witness to the humanitarian revolution Vincent Bernard, Editor-in-Chief Voices and perspectives 11 Three short essays in honour of the 150th anniversary of the International Review of the Red Cross Jacques Meurant, Hans-Peter Gasser and Toni Pfanner 23 Note: A brief history of the International Review of the Red Cross 37 Photo gallery: The editors-in-chief of the Review, 1869–2019 Articles 45 Opinion note: The ICRC as seen through the pages of the Review, 1869–1913: Personal observations David P. Forsythe 71 To inform or govern? 150 years of the International