View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carleton University's Institutional Repository Mitochondrial DNA Part B Resources ISSN: (Print) 2380-2359 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tmdn20 The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) and the phylogeny of Ephemeroptera in Pterygota Yin-Yin Cai, Ya-Jie Gao, Le-Ping Zhang, Dan-Na Yu, Kenneth B. Storey & Jia- Yong Zhang To cite this article: Yin-Yin Cai, Ya-Jie Gao, Le-Ping Zhang, Dan-Na Yu, Kenneth B. Storey & Jia-Yong Zhang (2018) The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) and the phylogeny of Ephemeroptera in Pterygota, Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 3:2, 577-579, DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1467239 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1467239 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 15 May 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 24 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tmdn20 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B 2018, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 577–579 https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1467239 MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) and the phylogeny of Ephemeroptera in Pterygota Yin-Yin Caia, Ya-Jie Gaoa, Le-Ping Zhanga, Dan-Na Yua,b , Kenneth B. Storeyc and Jia-Yong Zhanga,b aCollege of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China; bKey Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China; cDepartment of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The phylogenetic relationship between Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damsel- Received 12 April 2018 flies) remains hotly debated in the insect evolution community. We sequenced the complete mitochon- Accepted 16 April 2018 drial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) to discuss the phylogenetic relationship of KEYWORDS Palaeoptera. The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. is a circular molecule of 15,254 bp in length con- taining 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs), which showed the typical insect Ephemeroptera; Palaeoptera; Metapterygota; mitochondrial gene arrangement. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees using 71 species of 12 orders, our mitochondrial results support the Ephemeroptera as the basal group of winged insects. genome; phylogeny The phylogenetic relationships among the Ephemeroptera China). All mayfly samples and DNA samples were stored in (mayflies), Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and the lab of Dr. JY Zhang. Universal primers were used to Neoptera has been hotly debated by researchers, often based amplify some partial fragments as described in Zhang on their use of different molecular methods (Zhang et al. et al. (2008). 2008; Regier et al. 2010; Ishiwata et al. 2011; Thomas et al. The complete mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. was a 2013). These researchers have proposed three main hypothe- typical circular DNA molecule of 15,254 bp in length contain- ses, the Palaeoptera hypothesis ing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes [PCGs]), 22 tRNAs, and ((Ephemeroptera þ Odonata) þ Neoptera) (Blanke et al. 2012), two rRNAs) and an A þ T region. The AT content of the whole the basal Ephemeroptera hypothesis (Ephemeroptera þ genome was 68.4% and the length of the control region was (Odonata þ Neoptera)) (Zhang et al. 2008), and the basal 527 bp with 71.6% AT content. Odonata hypothesis (Odonata þ (Ephemeroptera þ Neoptera)) The phylogenetic relationship was constructed from the (Li et al. 2014). Different hypotheses, using different datasets, 13 PCGs by following the Bayesian Inference (BI) and Phylip genes or phylogenetic approaches, have received distinct Maximum Likelihood (PhyML) methods and using MrBayes support (Mallatt and Giribet 2006; Meusemann et al. 2010; version 3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) and PhyML version 3.0 Song et al. 2016). Compared to 42 families in Ephemeroptera, (Guindon and Gascuel 2003), respectively. The 13 PCGs from there are only 19 complete or nearly complete mitochondrial the mitochondrial genomes of 71 species, which included 20 genomes of Ephemeroptera belonging to 11 families on Ephemeroptera species, 27 Odonata species, 16 Neoptera Genbank (Tang et al. 2014; Gao et al. 2018). In this study, we species, 5 Archaeognatha species, and 3 Zygentoma species, sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of another were used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships. ephemeropteran species, Caenis sp. (MG910499), to provide Among them, Archaeognatha and Zygentoma were used as more molecular data that enables researchers to further dis- outgroups. To select conserved regions of the nucleotide, cuss three main hypotheses of the origin of winged insects. each alignment was performed by Gblock 0.91b (Castresana The sample of Caenis sp. was collected in Tianmu Mountain 2000) using default settings. (302103500 N, 1192601200 E), China, identified by Dr. JY Zhang The phylogenetic relationship based on BI and PhyML (College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal analyses (Figure 1) showed that Ephemeroptera was the basal University). Total genomic DNA was extracted from individual group of Pterygota and that Odonata was a sister clade to tissues of the sample using Ezup Column Animal Genomic Neoptera, as also shown in Zhang et al. (2008). Among DNA Purification Kit (Sangon Biotech Company, Shanghai, Ephemeroptera, Siphluriscus chinensis was the most primitive CONTACT Jia-Yong Zhang [email protected] Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China ß 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 578 Y.- Y. CAI ET AL. Petrobiellus sp. 2 JZ-2014 KJ754504 Nesomachilis australica AY793551 1/100 Trigoniophthalmus alternatus EU016193 Archaeognatha Pedetontus silvestrii EU621793 0.58/60 Petrobius brevistylis AY956355 0.54/43 Tricholepidion gertschi AY191994 1/92 Atelura formicaria EU084035 Zygentoma Thermobia domestica AY639935 0.96 Siphluriscus chinensis HQ875717 100 0.93/66 Isonychia ignota HM143892 1/84 Ameletus sp. MT-2014 KM244682 1/100 0.93 Siphlonurus sp. KM244684 61 1/100 Paegniodes cupulatus HM004123 1/68 Parafronurus youi EU349015 1/100 Epeorus sp. JZ-2014 KJ493406 Epeorus sp. MT-2014 KM244708 0.93/22 1/100 Potamanthus sp.MT-2014 KM244674 Ephemeroptera Ephemera orientalis EU591678 1/100 1/100 Siphlonurus immanis FJ606783 1/99 Ephemerella sp. MT-2014 KM244691 0.93/31 1/100 Vietnamella dabieshanensis HM067837 0.95/19 Vietnamella sp. MT-2014 KM244655 0.93/18 Habrophlebiodes zijinensis GU936203 1/100 Caenis sp. 1 MG910499 1/70 Caenis sp. YJ-2009 GQ502451 1/89 Teloganodidae sp. MT-2014 KM244703+KM244670 1/100 Baetis sp. PC-2010 GU936204 1/86 Alainites yixiani 1/100 Pteronarcys princeps AY687866 GU479735 Acroneuria hainana KM199685 1 1/100 Anoplophora glabripennis DQ768215 48 1/75 Adelium sp. FJ613422 0.81/69 1/100 Samia cynthia ricini JN215366 Parnassius bremeri FJ871125 1/100 Drosophila melanogaster U37541 1/- Simosyrphus grandicornis DQ866050 Neoptera 0.93 0.72/- Anabrus simplex NC009967 - Velarifictorus hemelytrus KU562918 1/100 Psychomantis borneensis MG520077 1/100 Stenotoxodera porioni KY689118 1/100 Panchlora nivea KU684412 1/99 Blaptica dubia KU684410 1/100 Macrotermes subhyalinus JX144937 1/86 Schedorhinotermes breinli JX144935 Epiophlebia superstes JX050223 1/48 1 Anax imperator KX161841 41 1/98 Davidius lunatus EU591677 Ictinogomphus 0.95 sp. KM244673 1/100 Somatochlora hineana MG594801 86 1/00 Cordulia aenea JX963627 1/25 Hydrobasileus croceus KM244659 0.44/100 Brachythemis contaminata KM658172 1/100 Orthetrum sabina KU361234 1/100 Orthetrum glaucum KU361232 1/92 Orthetrum triangulare melania AB126005 1/94 Orthetrum testaceum KU361235 1/98 Orthetrum chrysis KU361233 Odonata Pseudolestes mirabilis FJ606784 1/98 1/100 Euphaea ornata KF718295 1/100 Euphaea decorata KF718294 1/100Euphaea yayeyamana KF718293 1/100 Euphaea formosa HM126547 1/92 Vestalis melania JX050224 1/100 Mnais costalis KU871065 1/100 Atrocalopteryx melli MG011692 1/68 Atrocalopteryx atrata KP233805 BI / PhyML 0.63/43 Platycnemis foliacea KP233804 1/72 Megaloprepus caerulatus KU958377 0.09 1/100 Enallagma cyathigerum MF716899 1/83 Ischnura elegans KU958378 Ischnura pumilio KC878732 Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of the relationships among 71 species of Pterygota based on the nucleotide dataset of 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes. The tree includes 20 Ephemeroptera species, 27 Odonata species, and 16 Neoptera species, as well as five Archaeognatha and three Zygentoma species as the outgroups (Clary et al. 1982; Nardi et al. 2003; Cameron et al. 2004; Yamauchi et al. 2004; Cook et al. 2005; Cameron et al. 2006; Podsiadlowski 2006; Stewart and Beckenbach 2006; Cameron and Whiting 2007; Carapelli et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2008; Comandi et al. 2009; Lee et al. 2009; Sheffield et al. 2009; Lin et al. 2010; Cameron et al. 2012; Jong et al.