Work meeting October, 2011 Valentina Cetean -- Dr. geologist engineer Bucharest, Romania PROSPECTIUNI SA - PROMEDIU Laboratories DIMENSION STONE quarries Slava Rusa limestone quarry Slava Cercheza limestone quarry Baschioi sandstone quarry DIMENSION STONE products paving and flooring, walling; elements in contact with the floor; solid masonry units; tablet, kitchen tops; stairs, columns, basements for monuments, architectural elements. Macin granite Royal Palace Bucharest Doua Cantoane limestone Baschioi sandstone Enisala fortress (shelly limestone) CRUSHEDCRUSHED STONESTONE quarriesquarries inin DobrogeaDobrogea Despite the low value of its basic products, the crushed stone i ndustry is an important contributor of the economic prosperity of a region, as crucial factor for infrastructures and constructions. In Dobrogea, almost of all categories of rocks are used as crush ed . Type of rocks Perimeter with rocks used as crushed stone Izvoarele – Macin, Greci – Macin, Tutuiatu, Piatra Rosie Granite, granodiorite Turcoaia – Iacobdeal, Macin – Derea – Anton – Suluk, Traian 1, Quartz porphyry, rhyolite Iglicioara – Turcoaia, Movila Goala, Casla, Baia Vacarie Revarsarea, Dealul lui Tefic, Valea Ormanu cu Pari, Isaccea, Diabase Niculitel Amphibolite Nisiparie – Garvan Quartzitic schists Cerna - Bujorul Bulgaresc, Cerna Remus Opreanu, Nicolae Balcescu, Canaraua Fetei - Baneasa, Celea, Dorobantu, Piatra Lucie, Malcoci, Dealul Imalacu 4, Limestone Dumbraveni, Dealul Carierei, Valea Cataloi, Bididia, Parches, Somova, Sipot Sibioara, Sibioara - Navodari, Beidaud , Cheia; Graywacke, green schists (Sacele, Pantelimon) Sandstone Dealul Carierii CRUSHEDCRUSHED STONESTONE quarriesquarries Turcoaia – Iacobdeal granite quarry Somova – Parches (siliceous limestone) Sibioara quarryies (graywacke, pelitic rocks) RomanianRomanian standardsstandards Aggregates from quarry (crushed stone): SR 667/2001 – Natural aggregates processed stone for roads. General technical quality River aggregates (gravel and sand): SR 662/2001 – Natural gravel aggregates for road works. Requirements for quality CRUSHED STONE products – sorted aggregates road infrastructure; bounded or unbounded material for different other constructions; building material. Cerna – Bujorul Bulgaresc quartzitic schists quarry Revarsarea diabase products: sorted aggregates CRUSHEDCRUSHED STONESTONE 1. Why to do the laboratory test? 2. What are the general rules for the quality of stones used for infrastructure? 3. Are there crushed stone from Dobrogea conforming with the needs for final use? SR 662/2001 – Aggregates for roads Class of rock Characteristic cf. SR 667/2001 MU A B C D E Petrographic type homogenous, without physical or chemical (granite, granodiorite, dacite, basalts, gabbro, degradation traces, without pyrite, limonite or andesite, diabase, gneiss, limestone etc.) soluble salts, microcrystalline or amorphous silica Open porosity at normal pressure max % 1 3 5 8 10 Compression strength min N/mm 2 160 140 120 100 80 Resistance to fragmentation % 16 18 22 25 30 (Los Angeles) sort 40-63 mm max Compression crushing strength min % 70 67 65 60 50 Sensitivity to freeze – 25 cycles max % 25 2.3.3 Class is determined by the most inferior class established between open porosity and resistance to fragmentation (Los Angeles method), for rocks that do not meet all the conditions of classification table. A class – all types of crushed and bulk stone products for high traffic ro ad B class – all categories of roads except the high traffic roads - highways C class – medium traffic roads (ex. 2 lines roads) + crushed sort 40 -63 mm for base layer for all roads D class – low traffic (max. 2 lines) + crushed sort 40 -63 mm for base layer for medium traffic roads E class – rough stone for very low traffic (with max. 2 lines, ex. village roads) ProprietiesProprieties ofof CRUSHEDCRUSHED STONESTONE fromfrom DobrogeaDobrogea Characteristic of rocks used as Granito- Gray- Lime- U.M. Diabase crushed stone ides wacke stones Compressive strength MPa 150-190 280-295 60-120 75-120 Resistance to crushing % 70-75 76-80 68-74 56-70 Water absorption atm.press. % 0.15-0.40 0.15-0.50 0.5-2 6-20 Apparent density kg/m³ 2500-2700 2800-2950 2720-2800 1900-2300 Open porosity % 0.3-2.5 0.5-1.5 0.20-0.40 11-18 Abrasion resistance Los Angeles % 14-20 11-15 14-22 18-30 Gelivity coefficient after 25 cycles % 1.0-1.9 0.8-1.5 Sensitivity to freeze-thaw cycles % 6-12 A class – roads Microscopic images of stones from Dobrogea used for roads Nisiparie – Garvan amfibolite Iglicioara – quartz porphyry Dealul lui Tefic - diabase pelitic rocks -graywacke Sibioara graywacke Sacele pelitic rocks QUESTION … Do we succeed to keep a balance between the present needs and preserving the nature ?.