Effects of Forest and Grassland Management On Drinking Water Quality for Public Water Supplies: A Review And Synthesis of the Scientific Literature George E. Dissmeyer Review Draft 1 Table of Concents 1 Chapter 1...................................................................................................................................................6 Introduction................................................................................................................................................6 The Importance of Safe Public Drinking Water ...............................................................................6 Drinking Water from Forests and Grasslands .................................................................................6 The Purpose and Scope of This Document .....................................................................................7 How to Use this Document .................................................................................................................7 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2.................................................................................................................................................10 Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Level Processes ...........................................................................10 Introduction......................................................................................................................................10 Chemical, Physical, and Biological Properties of Water ..............................................................10 Hydrologic Cycles and Water Budgets ...........................................................................................16 Drinking Water Treatment.................................................................................................................20 Influence on fate of virus...............................................................................................................38 Chapter 3.................................................................................................................................................51 Watershed Management and Drinking Water:...................................................................................51 Economic Issues ....................................................................................................................................51 Introduction......................................................................................................................................51 Cost Minimization...............................................................................................................................53 Opportunities for Cost Savings ........................................................................................................54 Short Run Costs .................................................................................................................................54 Long Run Costs..................................................................................................................................56 Complexity...........................................................................................................................................57 Cost Savings from Targeting Upstream Control Efforts ...............................................................58 Bringing About an Efficient Cost Allocation ...................................................................................59 The New York City Agreement.........................................................................................................59 Benefits and Difficulties of Localized Negotiation.........................................................................60 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................61 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................................61 Chapter 4.................................................................................................................................................64 Environmental Setting of Watersheds.................................................................................................64 Ecosystem Influences........................................................................................................................64 Extreme Events Including Floods and Landslides........................................................................64 Atmospheric Deposition....................................................................................................................73 Areas of Low Precipitation pH and Low Buffering Capacity in Soils......................................73 High Nitrate Levels in Surface Waters ........................................................................................74 Forest Succession and Water Quality.............................................................................................78 Chapter 5.................................................................................................................................................83 Vegetation Management.......................................................................................................................83 Effects of Timber Management Activities in Water Quality..........................................................83 Erosion/Sedimentation..................................................................................................................83 Stream Temperature......................................................................................................................88 Nutrients...........................................................................................................................................90 Nitrogen ...........................................................................................................................................90 Phosphorus.....................................................................................................................................91 Fertilization......................................................................................................................................94 2 Water Quality Associated with Rangelands.................................................................................112 Erosion and Sedimentation ........................................................................................................112 Bacteria and Protozoa.................................................................................................................115 Impact of Juniper Encroachment and Other Weeds...............................................................117 Chemical and Nutrient Impacts ..................................................................................................118 Overall Conclusions:....................................................................................................................119 Sediment and Turbidity ...............................................................................................................120 Temperature..................................................................................................................................122 Chemical Water Quality...............................................................................................................123 Nitrogen .........................................................................................................................................124 Phosphorus...................................................................................................................................125 Sulfur..............................................................................................................................................125 Chloride .........................................................................................................................................125 Total Dissolved Solids.................................................................................................................125 Trace Elements.............................................................................................................................126 Pesticides..........................................................................................................................................148 Toxicity...........................................................................................................................................151 Chapter 6...............................................................................................................................................163 Recreation.............................................................................................................................................163 Dispersed Recreation and Drinking Water Quality .....................................................................163 Effects Of Concentrated Recreation on Drinking Water Supplies............................................169 Increased Traffic...........................................................................................................................170