Wildlife Law Enforcement in Sub-Saharan African Areas Protected – A Review Best of Practices Wildlife Law Enforcement in Sub-Saharan African Protected Areas A Review of Best Practices D avid W. Henson, Robert C. Malpas and Floris A.C. D’Udine INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE WORLD HEADQUARTERS Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 999 0000 Fax: +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 58 Implemented by IUCN About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organizations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organizations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together. Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of 1,300 member organizations and some 15,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards. IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organizations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people’s well-being. www.iucn.org This review of site-level wildlife law enforcement practices in Sub-Saharan African protected areas was carried out by the Conservation Development Centre, Nairobi, in collaboration with the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). The analysis and study have been financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The Conservation Development Centre (CDC) is a specialist centre that catalyses new approaches and provides professional support services for conservation aimed at adding value and filling gaps in existing capacity. Our mission is to help other organizations achieve best practice in the conservation of natural resources and wild areas in harmony with human development. Established in 1997, CDC works in eastern and southern Africa as well as further afield from an operations base in Nairobi, Kenya. We have a diverse customer base including NGOs, government departments, donor agencies, community groups and private businesses. Web: www.cdc.info. Frankfurt Zoological Society conserves wildlife and ecosystems focusing on protected areas and outstanding wild places. In Africa we work to support the conservation of eight areas in five countries through field-level projects that enhance resource protection, community-based natural resource management, tourism and sustainable development, as well as ecological and threat monitoring and management. We also work in biodiversity-rich wilderness areas in South America, South East Asia and Europe so that outstanding areas on all these continents are conserved for generations to come. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH is a global service provider in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development with around 16,400 employees. GIZ has over 50 years of experience in a wide variety of areas, including economic development and employment, energy and the environment, and peace and security. As a public-benefit federal enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government – in particular the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) – and public and private sector clients in around 130 countries in achieving their objectives in international cooperation. With this aim, GIZ works together with its partners to develop effective solutions that offer people better prospects and sustainably improve their living conditions. The Polifund project on combating poaching and the illegal trade in ivory and rhino-horn, implemented by GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), combines the expertise and resources of five German ministries, international organizations, NGOs and the private sector to combat poaching and the illegal trade in wildlife products (ivory and rhino-horn) in Africa and Asia. BMZ is responsible for Germany’s official development assistance commitments. It develops guidelines and fundamental concepts on which German development policy is based, and devises long-term strategies to encourage sustainable development through international cooperation and partnerships. Wildlife Law Enforcement in Sub-Saharan African Protected Areas A Review of Best Practices David W. Henson, Robert C. Malpas and Floris A.C. D’Udine Implemented by The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organizations, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organizations. Published by: IUCN, Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: David W. Henson, Robert C. Malpas and Floris A.C. D’Udine (2016). Wildlife Law Enforcement in Sub-Saharan African Protected Areas – A Review of Best Practices. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 58. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xxii+65pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1785-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.SSC-OP.58.en Cover photos: White rhino, South Africa © Klemens Riha - GIZ. Confiscated ivory © Saskia Wied - GIZ. SMART training DR Congo © WCS - ICCN. Elephant © Guenay Ulutuncok Benin Pendjari. All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Layout by: NatureBureau Printed by: Druckreif GmbH & Co KG The text of this booklet is printed on Satimat green paper made from wood fibre from well-managed forests certified in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC®). Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Global Species Programme, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland. Tel: + 41 22 999 0000, Fax: + 44 22 999 0002, www.iucn.org/publications ii Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................v 3. Law enforcement management ................................................ 25 Acknowledgements .......................................................................... vii 3.1 Overview .................................................................................... 25 Foreword ................................................................................................ix 3.2 Competent and effective leaders .......................................... 25 Executive summary ............................................................................xi 3.2.1 Practical experience ....................................................... 25 Quick reference guide ......................................................................xv 3.2.2 Management training ...................................................26 Law enforcement patrols ................................................................xv 3.2.3 Decision-making authority .........................................27 Law enforcement management .................................................xvii 3.2.4 Engagement with frontline staff ................................27 Intelligence and investigations .....................................................xx 3.3 Proactive and dynamic patrol strategies .............................28 3.3.1 Pre-emptive strategic planning ...................................28 1. Introduction ......................................................................................1 3.3.2 Adaptable and diverse tactics ...................................... 29 1.1 Background...................................................................................1 3.4 Collection and use of patrol data ......................................... 33 1.2 Methods and approach ..............................................................2 3.4.1 Data collection and analysis ........................................ 33 1.2.1 Literature review ...............................................................2