MNRAS 497, 1791–1806 (2020) doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2043 Advance Access publication 2020 July 13 Early-type galaxies in the Antlia cluster: global properties Juan P. Calderon´ ,1,2,3‹ Lilia P. Bassino,1,2,3 Sergio A. Cellone,1,3,4 Mat´ıas Gomez´ 5 and Juan P. Caso 1,2,3 1Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y Tecnicas,´ Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad Autonoma´ de Buenos Aires, Argentina 2Instituto de Astrof´ısica de La Plata (CCT La Plata – CONICET - UNLP), Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina 3Facultad de Ciencias Astronomicas´ y Geof´ısicas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina 4Complejo Astronomico´ El Leoncito (CONICET - UNLP - UNC - UNSJ), San Juan, Argentina 5Departamento de Ciencias F´ısicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/497/2/1791/5870689 by Universidad Andres Bello user on 30 July 2021 Accepted 2020 July 8. Received 2020 July 8; in original form 2020 April 22 ABSTRACT We present an extension of our previous research on the early-type galaxy population of the Antlia cluster (d ∼ 35 Mpc), achieving a total coverage of ∼2.6 deg2 and performing surface photometry for ∼300 galaxies, 130 of which are new uncatalogued ones. Such new galaxies mainly fall in the low surface brightness (LSB) regime, but there are also some lenticulars (S0), which support the existence of unique functions that connect bright and dwarf galaxies in the scaling relations. We analyse the projected spatial distribution of galaxies up to a distance of ∼800 kpc from NGC 3268, the adopted centre, as well as the radial velocity distribution and the correlation between galaxy colour and effective radius with the projected spatial distribution. We also obtain the luminosity function of the early-type galaxies and the distribution of stellar masses using the T1-band magnitudes and adopted mass-luminosity ratios. Additionally, we correlate the central galaxy distribution with an X-ray emission map from the literature. Based on the analysis of the radial velocities and galaxy colour distributions, we find that galaxies redder than the colour–magnitude relation (CMR) have a velocity distribution strongly concentrated towards the values of the dominant galaxies and are homogeneously distributed throughout the cluster. Those bluer than the CMR, in turn, have a much more extended radial velocity distribution and are concentrated towards the centre of the cluster. We also identify 12 candidates to ultra diffuse galaxies, which seem to be split into two families, and speculate about their origins in the context of the cluster structure. Key words: galaxies: clusters: general – galaxies: clusters: individual: Antlia – galaxies: dwarf – galaxies: elliptical and lentic- ular, cD – galaxies: fundamental parameters. the ultrafaint dwarf galaxies (UFDGs, Willman et al. 2005)arechar- 1 INTRODUCTION acterized for being the most dark matter dominated, the most metal- Over the last years, low-luminosity galaxies have received increasing poor, and least chemically evolved stellar systems ever investigated attention from the community, due to newly discovered galaxies (Simon 2019). The stellar systems with the lowest surface brightness, in nearby clusters, with unexpected surface brightness and size observed in nearby clusters as Virgo, Fornax, and Coma, are the so- properties. The complexity attained by modern CDM models in called ultra diffuse galaxies (UDGs, van Dokkum et al. 2015;Lim reference to baryonic effects (Tissera et al. 2010; Vera-Ciro et al. et al. 2018). They have large radii (re 1 kpc), moderate stellar −2 2011; Gargiulo et al. 2019) and the new observational evidence masses, and their low surface brightnesses (μ0, V ∼ 27 mag arcsec ) brought by larger detector arrays – MOSAIC II,1 Dark Energy make them accessible only to very deep observations (Eigenthaler Camera (DECam Flaugher et al. 2015) and OmegaCAM Camera et al. 2018). Amorisco & Loeb (2016) show that the origin of UDGs (OmegaCAM Kuijken et al. 2002) – have led the research on the in clusters could be well explained by the classical model of disc distribution and properties of these newly detected galaxies. These formation in haloes with higher initial angular momentum. galaxies with extreme properties represent new challenges for the Modern imaging surveys – e.g. Next Generation Virgo Cluster theoretical models of galaxy formation and evolution. Survey (NGVS, Ferrarese et al. 2012), Fornax Deep Survey (FDS, While early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the lowest surface brightness Venhola et al. 2017), or Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS, regime have been usually classified as dwarf ellipticals (dEs), at Eigenthaler et al. 2018) – allow to perform very deep multiband fainter magnitudes (MV −16 mag), ETGs are represented by dwarf photometry, covering at the same time a projected area on the sky spheroidals (dSphs, Grebel, Gallagher & Harbeck 2003), which show similar to that attained by old photographic plates. This enables the effective radii (re)smallerthan∼1 kpc, and are supposed to have study of the projected spatial distribution of the different populations experienced intense gas and metal removal due to galactic winds that coexist in the clusters, even outside the virial radius. Despite that, (Kirby, Martin & Finlator 2011). Still lower in the luminosity scale, at such low surface brightness (LSB) levels, cluster membership through spectroscopic redshift determinations is very difficult to achieve. Anyway, such surveys have provided us with important data E-mail: [email protected] to study the effects of tidal interactions in galaxy evolution. The most 1https://www.noao.edu/ctio/mosaic/ relevant environmental effect for the evolution of early-type dwarfs is C 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society 1792 J. P. Calderon´ et al. harassment (Moore et al. 1996), which is related with repeated tidal In the present paper, we perform a new surface photometry of encounters between the infalling galaxy and other cluster members the Antlia ETGs that complements previous papers (Calderon´ et al. or the cluster gravitational potential. This could produce a galaxy 2015, hereafter Paper I,andCalderon´ et al. 2018, hereafter Paper II). mass loss that depends on the orbit of the infalling galaxy within the Our study covers the largest area considered by any survey of this cluster, and it is expected to be more efficient for low-mass galaxies cluster until now, which motivates us to analyse the projected spatial (Smith, Davies & Nelson 2010). On the other hand, the motion of density of galaxies up to ∼700 kpc from the cluster centre, assuming the infalling galaxy across the intracluster medium could produce an Antlia distance of ∼35.2 Mpc (Dirsch, Richtler & Bassino 2003). the loss of the galaxy atomic gas and, consequently, the interruption We also recalculate the relations between structural parameters of the of star formation (Gunn & Gott 1972). Hydrodynamical simulations ETGs, now including more Es at the bright end than previous works. (and references therein, Roediger & Bruggen¨ 2008) indicate that this Moreover, we study the correlation between colour, effective radius, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/497/2/1791/5870689 by Universidad Andres Bello user on 30 July 2021 effect is not only due to gravitational interactions but also due to and radial velocity with the projected spatial distribution. Finally, we mixing turbulence and viscous effects. Additionally, an alternative build the luminosity function (LF) of the cluster and estimate stellar effect, called strangulation, has been proposed, in which the infall masses. of cool gas into the galaxy is stopped (Balogh, Navarro & Morris This paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we describe the 2000). This can happen when a subhalo of dark matter is created from data reduction, fit of the surface brightness profiles, membership a previously existing larger halo. The infall of gas associated to the classification, and the catalogue presented in this paper. In Section 3, subhalo can be cut, which results in a gradual decrease in the stellar we report the results on the new colour–magnitude relation (CMR), formation, causing the galaxy colour to become redder (Wang et al. structural parameters, spatial projected distribution, and galaxy 2009). The result of the strangulation effect is a galaxy with higher colour correlations. The discussion of the results is given in Section 4, metallicity and stellar mass than its progenitor (Peng, Maiolino & and finally, the main conclusions are summarized in Section 5. Cochrane 2015). The efficiency of those physical processes is directly related with the parameters that define the structure and dynamics of each galaxy, such as total mass, relative orbits, and velocities, 2 OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION and also their spatial distribution inside the cluster potential. The so- We perform a photometric study on four new fields that complements called morphology–density relation (Dressler et al. 1997; van der Wel those carried out in previous surveys on the Antlia cluster of galaxies. et al. 2010), which locates the ETGs mainly in the central areas of the These fields were observed with the MOSAIC II camera mounted clusters, and the late-type galaxies (LTGs) in the surrounding areas, on the 4-m Blanco telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American would be a result partially due to the role played by environmental Observatory (CTIO, Chile), during the nights of 2010 February 11 processes in the evolution of galaxies. In this sense, Wang et al. (2009) and 12. They correspond to the ones labelled as 4–7 in Table 1, while show that both early-type dwarf satellites and central galaxies could the fields 0–3 are included in the same table for completeness, as be affected by environmental effects in very similar ways, regardless they were studied in Paper I and obtained with the same instrumental of their locations within the cluster potential.