contents summer 2015 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 8 Progress Made for Worldwide Abolishment of Death Penalty Professors Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle 12 Universal Abolition of Capital Punishment is Drawing Nearer Professor William A. Schabas 14 Interview: Professor Jeffrey Kirchmeier 18 Medical Ethics, Globalization, and the Decline of Lethal Injection Brian Evans 23 A Perspective from Death Row: The Case of Exonerated Inmate, Glenn Ford Interviews with Glenn Ford and William Most 27 President Mohammadu Buhari and the Abolition of the Death Penalty in Nigeria: No Promises Yet Benson Chinedu Olugbuo 30 Sentencing Juveniles in the United States James Lee Dold 33 International Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy and China’s Recent Capital Punishment Reform Dr. Michelle Miao 38 China’s Death Penalty Debate Lijia Zhang 41 Interview with Said Yousif AlMuhafdah 45 Capital Punishment in Guatemala: The First Steps to Abolition David Augusto Dávila Navarro 49 The Slow Demise of the Death Penalty in the Commonwealth Caribbean Douglas L Mendes ESSAYS 57 Outsourcing Jihadists and Putin’s Foreign Policy Professor Dmitry V. Shlapentokh 62 U.S. Global Competitiveness: A Need For Infrastructure Investment and an Infrastructure Bank Kyle Jarmon 69 An Utopic Denouement for the Venezuelan Crisis Robson Coelho Cardoch Valdez 71 Election as Warfare: Militarization of Elections and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria Dr. Azeez Olaniyan and Olumuyiwa Babatunde Amao 83 Weakening Realism: Balancing Competition with Trade Amien Kacou 90 China is What States Make of It: Evaluating the Possibility of “Peaceful Rise” using Wendtian Constructivism Barclay Bram Shoemaker 94 Saudi Arabia: The Forgotten Land of the Arab Spring Numan Aksoy 100 Collective Inaction: Constraints of National Designs in the Continuing Struggles of EU Environmental Policymaking Roland Gawlitta 106 Myanmar Booms – In Ways Good and Bad Jeroen Gelsing 113 Chile & New Zealand: A Comparative Study in Environmental Policy Matt Josey 118 P5+1, Iran-U.S. Cooperation, and the Future of Iraq Jill Ricotta 122 References and Footnotes International Affairs Forum 703/532-6800 fax:703/532-6890email:[email protected] A publicationof theCenterforInternational Relations Submit your EditorialorEssayto Submit your International Affairs Managing Editor 1629 K St. #300, Washington DC22201 1629 KSt.#300,Washington Senior Editor www.ia-forum.org Cover Design Cover [email protected] Printed intheU.S.A. Editors Avery Wagner Lakshna Mehta Jessica Matsko Emily Luense Shannon Cook Sheritha Brace Katherine Lugo DaleMineshima-Lowe Dr. Forum 5 1 0 2 r e m m u S ABOUT INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FORUM International Affairs Forum is a publication of the Center for International Relations. Inside each issue you’ll find interviews, editorials, and short essays from academics and practitioners, presenting a wide spectrum of views from around the globe. In this way, we wish to provide readers with an all-partisan, international look at today’s major issues, and tap into the research and views of major thinkers and actors in the field within the ‘space’ between social science journalism and academic scholarship. That is, we look for carefully considered contributions that can nevertheless be published relatively quickly and can therefore maintain the impetus of current thinking but do not require detailed peer review. The extent of our review is therefore largely a matter of informed editorship. We think that this is a valuable approach to extending informed opinion on policy in the international sphere. Another feature of each issue is recognizing winners of our Student Writing Competition Program by publishing their efforts. As part of our mission, we provide a platform for students to take next steps toward successful professional careers and as such, believe exceptional work should be recognized, regardless of experience level. The program is open to all college students around the world. ABOUT THIS ISSUE This issue’s focus is on the topic of capital punishment around the world. With recent events ranging from the sentencing of Boston bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev to Nebraska’s repeal of the death penalty to executions in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere, the topic has generated a great deal of renewed debate. You’ll note that the collection of pieces contained within presents an anti-capital punishment point of sentiment. International Affairs Forum strives to present you with an all-partisan collection of mainstream content and it was not our intent to m u r present such a one sided view of this important topic. We did our best to engage o F capital punishment proponents to present their views but were unsuccessful in s r i engaging them to participate. However, we certainly encourage you to share your a f f comments on the issue, pro and con. A l a n o The issue also includes a wide selection of international affairs and economic essays. i t a n r e t n I Summer 2015 piece or as a whole. Please send us your comments to [email protected]. Please send us your piece or as a whole. wish them a hearty congratulations. hope this you enjoy issue and encourageWe feedback about it, as it relates to a specific Of We are winners of the last five these, Writing Competition. Student our biannual International Affairs Forum Progress Made for Worldwide Abolishment of Death Penalty 8 Professors Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle Universal Abolition of Capital Punishment is Drawing Nearer 12 Professor William A. Schabas CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 14 Interview: Professor Jeffrey Kirchmeier AROUND THE Medical Ethics, Globalization, and WORLD the Decline of Lethal Injection 18 Brian Evans A Perspective from Death Row: The Case of Exonerated Inmate, Glenn Ford 23 Interviews: Glenn Ford, William Most President Mohammadu Buhari and the Abolition of the Death Penalty in Nigeria: No Promises Yet 27 Benson Chinedu Olugbuo Sentencing Juveniles in the United States 30 James Lee Dold International Anti-Death Penalty Advocacy and China’s Recent Capital Punishment Reform 33 Dr. Michelle Miao China’s Death Penalty Debate 38 Lijia Zhang 41 Interview with Said Yousif AlMuhafdah Capital Punishment in Guatemala: The First Steps to Abolition 45 David Augusto Dávila Navarro S u m The Slow Demise of the Death m e Penalty in the Commonwealth r 2 49 Caribbean 0 1 Douglas L Mendes 5 Progress Made for Worldwide Abolishment of Death Penalty Progress Made for Worldwide Abolishment of Death Penalty Profs. Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford he recent publication of the Fifth Edition of The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective by Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle (Oxford University Press 2015) shows the great progress Tmade towards worldwide abolition of capital punishment over the past quarter of a century. It is 25 years since Roger Hood published the First Edition of this book, based on his report in 1988 to the United Nations Social and Economic Council (ECOSOC). This aimed to assess the progress that had been made since the UN General Assembly resolution of 1971 which made it clear that the main objective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which had been adopted in 1966 was to progressively restrict the number of offenses for which capital punishment might be imposed, “with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment in all countries (our emphasis).” When the ICCPR came into force in 1976, a similar resolution followed to emphasize its importance. In particular, Article 6(6) had made it clear that “nothing shall be invoked to delay or prevent the abolition of capital punishment by any State Party.” At the time when the ICCPR was adopted, only 12 countries had abolished the death penalty for all crimes, for all offenses, and in all circumstances in peacetime and wartime. By 1988 the first edition of The Death Penalty noted that the number had gradually increased to 35, with another 17 countries having abolished capital punishment for ordinary crimes in peacetime only (as had the United Kingdom) and a further 26 countries that appeared to be abolitionist de facto, not having executed anyone in the previous 10 years. The abolitionist countries were predominantly in Europe and South or Central America. The pessimistic conclusion of this edition was that “In many regions of the world there is little sign that abolition will occur soon.” From the Second Edition (1996) onwards the tone has changed towards gradually increasing optimism. It is abundantly evident that the goal set by the UN is ever closer to being achieved and at a rate that could not be envisaged in the 1980s, notwithstanding some very recent setbacks such m as the resumption of executions in Pakistan after a moratorium of six years, provoked by the terrorist u r o outrage in Peshawar; the decision of Jordan to resume executions after a period of eight years; and F the many death sentences imposed during the recent turmoil in Egypt. This new edition, it is hoped, s r i a will make a convincing case for optimism and for rejection of pessimism. f f A l a At present, 107 countries have abolished the death penalty accounting for over half of the 198 n o i independent countries in the world. Furthermore, 100 of them have rejected it completely in all t a n circumstances – an enormous increase from the 12 countries that had done so by 1966. As many r e t as 82 countries have ratified the ICCPR and/or one of the regional human rights treaties abolishing n I 8 International Affairs Forum Spring 2015 the death penalty, and many have embodied abolition in their constitutions. At the United Nations, the resolutions for a moratorium on the death penalty and executions were supported in December 2014 by 117 countries, with 38 opposed, compared to 55 when the resolution was first introduced in 2007.