2007 Volume 2 Number 3 FOR LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCH ENZYMES, KITS AND REAGENTS FOR ANALYSIS OF: AGAROSE ALGINIC ACID CELLULOSE, LICHENEN AND GLUCANS HEMICELLULOSE AND XYLAN CHITIN AND CHITOSAN CHONDROITINS DEXTRAN HEPARANS HYALURONIC ACID INULIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN PECTIN Cellulose, one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth, is a linear polymer of β-(1-4)-D-glucopyranosyl units. Inter- and PULLULAN intra-chain hydrogen bonding is shown in red. STARCH AND GLYCOGEN Complex Carbohydrate Analysis: Enzymes, Kits and Reagents sigma-aldrich.com The Online Resource for Nutrition Research Products Only from Sigma-Aldrich esigned to help you locate the chemicals and kits The Bioactive Nutrient Explorer now includes a • New! Search for Plants Dneeded to support your work, the Bioactive searchable database of plants listed by physiological Associated with Nutrient Explorer is an Internet-based tool created activity in key areas of research, such as cancer, dia- Physiological Activity to aid medical researchers, pharmacologists, nutrition betes, metabolism and other disease or normal states. • Locate Chemicals found and animal scientists, and analytical chemists study- Plant Detail pages include common and Latin syn- in Specific Plants ing dietary plants and supplements. onyms and display associated physiological activities, • Identify Structurally The Bioactive Nutrient Explorer identifies the while Product Detail pages show the structure family Related Compounds compounds found in a specific plant and arranges and plants that contain the compound, along with them by chemical family and class. You can also comparative product information for easy selection. search for compounds having a similar chemical When you have found the product you need, a structure or for plants containing a specific simple mouse click connects you to our easy online compound. ordering system. Bioactive Nutrient Explorer Helping Scientists Connect Bioactives to Botanicals sigma-aldrich.com/nutrition sigma-aldrich.com 1 Introduction Complex carbohydrates compose the most abundant class of biopolymers on earth. Because of their structural and functional diversity, they have found applications in biomedical, nutritional, textile, cosmetic and countless other industries. FOR LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCH The complex carbohydrates of the extracellular matrices such as hyaluronic acid 2007 and chondroitin sulfate are finding utility in antinflammatory and cell proliferation applications. In vivo, hyaluronic acid forms a coating around chondrocytes in articular Volume 2 cartilage and together with the proteoglycan, aggrecan, is responsible for the uptake Number 3 and retention of water. The two major glycan components of aggrecan are chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. Hyaluronic acid may also interact with cell surface receptors, such as CD44, involved in lymphocyte activation. The degradation products of hyaluronic Table of Contents acid may also interact with Toll-like receptors in macrophages. Heparan sulfate is commonly found as a component of cell surface proteoglycans. It is also found in Complex Carbohydrate the extracellular matrix. Heparan sulfate appears to have a broad range of biological functions including regulation of thrombosis, growth factor signaling, cell proliferation, Analysis: Enzymes, Kits and adhesion and mobility. Depending on its morphology, location and ligands, heparan Reagents sulfate may inhibit or promote metastasis. Heparan sulfate is known to bind several protein ligands. Most notably, its binding affinity with antithrombin has been extensively Agarase ...................................................... 2 utilized in the form of the anticoagulant, heparin. Alginate Lyase ............................................2 Dextrans also help to decrease vascular thrombosis. By binding to the endothelium, Cellulose, Lichenen and Glucan Degrading platelets and red blood cells, dextrans impart an electronegative environment in the Enzymes ...................................................2-4 blood vessel resulting in a reduction of red blood cell aggregation and platelet adhesion Cellulase ....................................................3 to the vascular endothelium. In vivo, dextran solutions have also been used for blood Driselase ....................................................3 volume expansion. Conversely, chitosan has the ability to induce clot formation. It is used in wound healing, particularly as a coating for bandages. Chitin may also aid in wound b-Glucanase ..............................................4 Laminarinase .............................................4 healing by accelerating collagen production. Chitosan is also used to enhance plant growth and may help plants resist fungal infection. Lyticase ......................................................4 Hemicellulose and Xylan Degrading Chitin and starch are used as binders in the paper, dye, textiles and adhesives industries. Enzymes ...................................................... 5 Chitin and chitosan are also used as filtration aids, particularly in the waste water Hemicellulase.............................................5 treatment industry. Chitosan aids in particulate aggregation as well as removal of Xylanase ....................................................5 phosphorus, metals, and grease from waste water. Modified agarose, chitin, starch and dextrans have been manipulated to produce media with controlled pore size for chemical Chitin and Chitosan Degrading Enzymes .6-7 separations. Beaded forms of cross-linked agarose and dextrans are the components of Chitinase ...................................................6 size exclusion, ion exchange and affinity chromatography media. Agarose and soluble Chitosanase ...............................................7 starch are commonly used as electrophoresis media. Chondroitinases .......................................7-8 In the food industry, starches, aglinates, agarose, chitins, chitosans and pectins are Chondroitinase ABC ...................................8 used as gelling, thickening and encapsulating agents. Pectins and inulins are common Chondroitinase AC .....................................8 components of dietary fiber supplements and may help to increase nutrient uptake. Chondroitinase C .......................................8 Pullulan is a common component of edible films. Dextranases ................................................ 9 Heparinases ...........................................9-10 Heparinase I ..............................................9 The Enzyme Explorer Heparinase II ...........................................10 Your Comprehensive Source for Products and Technical Heparinase III ..........................................10 Resources for Glycobiology sigma-aldrich.com/enzymeexplorer Hyaluronidases ....................................10-11 Inulinase ................................................... 11 Carbohydrate Analysis Peptidoglycan Degrading Enzymes .....12-13 • Complex Carbohydrate and Polysaccharide Analysis Lysozyme .................................................12 • Proteoglycan and Glycoprotein Analysis Mutanolysin .............................................13 Carbohydrate Metabolism Pectin Degrading Enzymes ..................14-16 • Carbohydrate Metabolite Library Pectinase .................................................15 • Enzymes Involved in Carbohydrate Metabolism Pectinesterase ..........................................16 Pectolyase ................................................16 • Metabolic Pathway Charts and Animations Pullulanases .............................................. 17 Enzymatic-Based Kits for the Quantitation of Carbohydrates Starch and Glycogen Degrading Enzymes.18 • Total Dietary Fiber a-Amylase ...............................................19 • Starch b-Amylase ...............................................21 • Glucose Amyloglucosidase ....................................21 • Fructose a-Glucosidase ..........................................22 • Sucrose Kits for Carbohydrate Analysis............23-24 Total Dietary Fiber....................................23 For additional technical information including literature citations pertaining Starch ......................................................23 to the content in this publication, visit the Enzyme Explorer’s “Enzymatic Glucose ...................................................24 Carbohydrate Analysis Resource” Fructose ...................................................24 Complex Carbohydrates ......................25-29 sigma-aldrich.com/enzymeexplorer The Enzyme Research Resource For Hazard Information and other information please refer to the Sigma Biochemicals, Reagents and Kits for Life Science Research Catalog or sigma-aldrich.com 2 Agarase Agarase Specificity Agarase Cellulose, Lichenan and Glucan CH2OH O OH O O CH2OH O CH OH O O Degrading Enzymes OH 2 OH CH2 OH O O OH O OH Cellulase OH CH2OH O β-(1-4)-(3,6)-anhydro-L-galactose α-(1-3)-D-galactose O OH CH2OH Agarose O O OH Agarose is the principal neutral gelling component of agar extracted from O OH algae. Agarose is a complex range of polysaccharide chains composed of OH alternating a-(1-3)-D-galactosyl-b-(1-4)-anhydro-L-galactosyl units. Cellulose Polymer of b-(1-4)-D-glucopyranosyl units Agarase Agarase catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,3-b-D-galactosidic linkages in Laminarinase agarose, giving the tetramer as the predominant product. Cellulase CH2OH CH2OH Enzymes O O O O Agarase from Pseudomonas atlantica OH CH2OH O