Corso di Laurea magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea Unicef – a new ethic of protection and care of children Relatore Ch. Prof. Antonio Trampus Correlatore Ch. Prof. Duccio Basosi Laureanda Francesca Voltolina Matricola 829904 Anno Accademico 22014 / 2015 Sommario SINTESI ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 13 PART ONE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................... 15 1.1 THE CONCEPT OF CHILD .................................................................................................................. 17 1.2 THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES ........................................................................................................ 19 1.3 THE BIRTH OF ICEF ........................................................................................................................... 21 1.4 FROM ICEF TO UNICEF ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.5 UNICEF AND THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES .............................................................. 28 1.6 THE BELLAGIO CONFERENCE ........................................................................................................... 30 1.7 THE BASIC SERVICES APPROACH ..................................................................................................... 32 1.8 THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE CHILD ....................................................................................... 34 1.9 FORCES THAT LED TO THE IYC ......................................................................................................... 36 1.10 WORKING AT THE CHILD RIGHTS CONVENTION ............................................................................. 40 1.11 THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD .......................................................................... 41 1.12 THE IMPACT OF CONVENTION ON UNICEF PROGRAMMES ............................................................ 46 1.12 THE WORLD SUMMIT FOR CHILDREN ................................................................................................. 51 1.13 KEEPING THE PROMISE ........................................................................................................................ 57 1.14 TOWARDS 2000 AND BEYOND ............................................................................................................ 60 1.15 THE UN MILLENNIUM SUMMIT AND THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY SPECIAL SESSION ON CHILDREN 75 1.16 UNICEF MILLENNIUM AGENDA ........................................................................................................... 81 PART TWO:UNICEF IN PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................... 85 2.1 PRE-EMERGENCY ACTION ...................................................................................................................... 86 2.2 COMPONENTS OF THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE ................................................................................... 87 2.3 COORDINATION AND PARTNERSHIPS ................................................................................................... 89 2.4 UNICEF AND VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS.......................................................................................... 93 2.5 BUDGET ................................................................................................................................................. 97 2.6 HUMANITARIAN EVALUATION ............................................................................................................ 101 2.6.1 UNICEF –DFID Joint Evaluation of Unicef’s Kosovo Emergency Preparedness and Response ..... 102 PART THREE: INTERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 122 3.1 CARATTERISTICHE DEL COMITATO ITALIANO ...................................................................................... 123 3.2 COMITATO UNICEF TREVISO ............................................................................................................... 127 PART FOUR: CONCLUSIVE REMARKS ............................................................................................................. 144 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 150 WEBSITES REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 151 1 INDICE DELLE FIGURE Figura 1 Children working at the time of Industrial Revolution. Source: http://itsos.albesteiner.net ........... 19 Figura 2 A 4-year-old survivor of Buchenwald sits on the running board of a UNRRA truck soon after liberation of the camp. Source: http://sakuramochi-jp.blogspot.it ................................................................ 22 Figura 3 Eleanor Roosvelt showing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Source: http://legal.un.org 24 Figura 4 Unicef's logo. Source: http://www.childrights.org.au ....................................................................... 26 Figura 5 Stamps printed during the International Year of the Child. Source: http://www.stamps-for-sale.com ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Figura 6 Status of Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child worldwide. Source: http://www.ijrcenter.org/2014/06/05/committee_rights_of_child_66th_session/ ..................................... 42 Figura 7 Articles of the CRC. Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2005, page 4 ..................... 45 Figura 8Unicef's Goals for children in the 1990s compared with the CRC. Source: UNICEF: The Convention: child rights and UNICEF experience at the country level. p. 6. ....................................................................... 49 Figura 9 Under-five deaths by region, 2000. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport- pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf ............................................................................................................. 62 Figura 10 Main causes of under-five child mortality. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 62 Figura 11 Countries where stunting in under-fives is 40 per cent or more. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 63 Figura 12 Countries where under weight prevalence declined by 25 per cent or more. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 64 Figura 13 Per cent of population without access to safe drinking water. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 65 Figura 14 Lack of improved sanitation in 2000. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 66 Figura 15 Children of primary school age not in school, 1999. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 67 Figura 16 Net primary school enrolment/attendance ratio, 1990 and 1999. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 68 Figura 17 Sub-Saharan Africa women chances of dying in childbirth, 1995. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 69 Figura 18 Estimated maternal deaths. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport- pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf ............................................................................................................. 69 Figura 19 Data on birthweight. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport- pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf ............................................................................................................. 70 Figura 20 South-Asian data on low-birthweight babies. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 71 Figura 21 Data on immunized children with DPT3. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 72 Figura 22 Number of people living with HIV/AIDS, 1990-2000. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 73 2 Figura 23 Declaration of commitment from the June 2001 UN Special Session. Source: http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_stats_eng.pdf .................... 74 Figura 24 Gabriela Azurduy Arrieta and Audrey Cheynut at the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children. Source: http://www.unicef.org ......................................................................................................