TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage 12th Iberian-American Seminar on Earthen Architecture and Construction TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage 12th Iberian-American Seminar on Earthen Architecture and Construction Lima, Peru, April 22-27, 2012 Edited by Mariana Correia Escola Superior Gallaecia, ICOMOS-ISCEAH, PROTERRA Pamela Jerome Columbia University GSAPP, ICOMOS-ISCEAH Marcial Blondet Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PROTERRA Maddalena Achenza Università degli Studi di Cagliari DICAAR, ICOMOS-ISCEAH Published in Lisbon, Portugal TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage 12th Iberian-American Seminar on Earthen Architecture and Construction PROOF READING Pamela Jerome, Jacob Merten EDITORS Mariana Correia, Pamela Jerome, Marcial Blondet, Maddalena Achenza TRANSLATION Sandra Rocha e Sousa AUTHORS GRAPHIC LAYOUT Inês Jaloto Akemi Hijioka Guillermo Rolon Natalia Jorquera Silva COLABORATORS Malena Serrano, Melissa Madge, Teresa Meneses Akemi Ino Hossam Mahdy Nestor José Ali Malekabbasi Hubert Guillaud Obede Faria PRINTING ACDPrint Álvaro Rubiños Hugo Houben Olga Mendoza Shimada Amel Chabbi Isabel Kanan Olga Paterlini Ana González-Serrano Jacinto Canivell Pablo Picca PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Filipe Jorge Ana Vaz Jake Barrow Pamela Jerome André Tomé Jeff Allen Patrice Morot-Sir ISBN: 978-972-8479-94-7 Andrew Heath Jochen Schmid Paul Adderley Legal deposit: 411590/16 Annick Daneels John Hurd Pedro Hurtado Valdez 1st Edition - June 2016 Anthony Crosby Jonathan Bell Peter Brimblecombe Aqeel Ahmed Aqeel Jorge Tomasi Peter Walker © ARGUMENTUM Publisher Behnam Pedram José Maria Adell Rafael Torres Maia Rua Antero de Figueiredo, nª 4-C, 1700-041 LISBOA - Portugal Belén Orta Julio Vargas-Neumann Rasool Vatandoust www.argumentum.pt Benjamin Marcus Kanefusa Masuda René Guérin [email protected] Birabi Allan Kenneth Karel Anthonie Bakker Reza Vahidzadeh Khalid Rkha Chaham Ricardo Cabral www.facebook.com/pages/ARGUMENTUM Camilla Mileto Carlos Iwaki Laetitia Fontaine Robin Jones Célia Neves Lassana Cissé Rodolfo Rotondaro Craig Kennedy Letizia Dipasquale Rohit Jigyasu All parts of this book can be reproduced as long as the contents are not modified Daniel Maskell Louise Cooke Romain Anger and the publisher, the editors and the authors are properly mentioned. Daniel Torrealva Luis Fernando Guerrero Baca Rosa Bustamante Dorothy McLaughlin Luis Maria Calvo Rowland Keable ARGUMENTUM thanks the comitted work of the editors, the authors Eduardo Muñoz Maddalena Achenza Salman Muhammad Ali and the sponsorship of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Eliana Baglioni Marcial Blondet Sandeep Sikka Elizabeth Katzy Marco Antônio Penido de Rezende Saverio Mecca Enrico Fodde Maria Conceição Lopes Sébastien Moriset Erica Avrami María Inés Suilan Hau Espinosa Silvia Puccioni Eskandar Mokhtari Taleghani Mariana Correia Simon Parkin Fernando Vegas Marie Chabenat Sonia Rosenfeldt Francesco Bandarin Mariette Moevus Sousan Jafari Francisco Ginoccio Mauricio Corba Barreto Tara Sharma Francisco Iglesias Casal Mohamed Boussalh Thierry Joffroy Fred Webster Mohammad Reza Manouchehri Thomas Richard Jarpa Gilberto Carlos Mohammad Reza Owlia Tiago Costa Gina Haney Mohammad Yosof al-Aidaroos Victoria Stephenson Gladys Villa García Mónica Bahamondez Glavije Amirjamshidi Mónica Ferrari Main Theme Conservation of Earthen-Architectural Heritage in the face of Natural Disasters and Climate Change Conference Themes Theme 1: Latin-American Earthen Architecture at Risk: Earthquakes, Rain and Flood Damage Theme 2: World Heritage Earthen-Architectural Sites, Natural Disasters and Climate Change Theme 3: Dcumentation, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites Theme 4: Conservation and Development of Human Settlements and Cultural Landscapes Theme 5: Local and Regional Knowledge, Intangible Heritage and Social Impact Theme 6: Research in Materials and Technology for Conservation and Contemporary Architecture Theme 7: Ancient/Historic and Innovative Solutions for Damage Prevention and Performance Improvement Theme 8: Charters, Standards and Guidelines for Heritage and Construction Theme 9: Education, Dissemination and Outreach Chair Committee Local Organizing Committee Theme Coordinators Julio Vargas-Neumann, Peru - PUCP Daniel Torrealva, Peru - PUCP Theme 1: Célia Neves Marcial Blondet, Peru - PUCP Sofía Rodriguez-Larraín, Peru - PUCP Theme 2: Mariana Correia Daniel Torrealva, Peru - PUCP Rossmery Godoy, Peru - PUCP Theme 3: Luis Fernando Guerrero The TERRA Conference, which occurs every three to five years approximately, is an international Theme 4: Isabel Kanan conference, whose themes relate to the study and conservation of earthen-architectural, Advisory Committee Theme 5: Obede Faria archaeological and cultural landscape heritage. The reach of the earthen architecture study was Mariana Correia, ESG, Portugal - PROTERRA, ICOMOS-ISCEAH Theme 6: Humberto Varum also extended to research, intangible knowledge, earthen contemporary architecture, housing, Pamela Jerome, CU, USA - ICOMOS-ISCEAH Theme 7: Maddalena Achenza standards, education and awareness, among others. John Hurd, UK - ICOMOS-ISCEAH Theme 8: Julio Vargas-Neumann Luis Fernando Guerrero, UAMX, Mexico - PROTERRA, ICOMOS-ISCEAH Theme 9: Hubert Guillaud TERRA conferences occur under the aegis of ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments Célia Neves, Brazil - PROTERRA and Sites, and its expert Committee on earthen architecture: ISCEAH - International Scientific Committee on Earthen Architectural Heritage. TERRA 2012 took place in Lima, Peru, from the 22nd to the 27th of April 2012, followed by post-conference tours to earthen-architectural sites in Peru. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú organized the international conference with the partnership of Universidad Nacional de Trujillo and PROTERRA; the aegis of ICOMOS-ISCEAH Scientific Committee and UNESCO-WHC; and the support of the Peruvian Ministry of Culture, ICOMOS-Perú, The Abdulgader Abufayed, Lybia Hubert Guillaud, France Natalia Turekulova, Kazakhstan Getty Foundation, The Getty Conservation Institute, CRAterre and the Chair UNESCO-Earthen Ahmed Rashed, Egypt Hugh Morris, New Zealand Norma Barbacci, Italy Architecture and Sustainable Development. Alejandro Ferrero, Uruguay Hugo Houben, France Obede Faria, Brazil Anthony Crosby, USA Humberto Varum, Portugal Pamela Jerome, USA The Post-Conference Tours were organized to significant Peruvian routes, emblematic of Baba Keita, Benin Isabel Kanan, Brazil Peter Walker, UK its outstanding natural and cultural heritage. This was the case of the MOCHE ROUTE, that Carlos Iwaki, Peru Jean D’Aragon, Canada Polat Gülkan, Turkey included the archaeological complex of Chan Chan, and the sites of Huaca Cao, Tumbas Reales Carolina Castellanos, Mexico Jeanne Marie Teutonico, USA Rafael Aguilar, Peru de Sipán, Túcume y Huacas de Moche; the MACHU PICCHU ROUTE that integrated visits to Cecilia López, Colombia John Hurd, UK Rafael Mellace, Argentina Cusco, Machu Picchu and the Inca’s Sacred Valley; the PUNO AND TITICACA LAKE ROUTE, Célia Neves, Brazil Joseph King, USA Rasool Vatandoust, Iran which comprised a visit to Cusco and the Titicaca Lake; the AREQUIPA AND CUSCO ROUTE; Claudia Cancino, Peru Juana Font, Spain Rodolfo Rotondaro, Argentina and the PUERTO MALDONADO AND CUSCO ROUTE, which embraced a visit to Cusco and the Daniel Torrealva, Peru Julio Vargas-Neumann, Peru Rohit Jigyatsu, India Natural Reserve of Tambopata. David Gandreau, France Kanefusa Masuda, Japan Rosa Flores, Peru Debbie Whelan, South Africa Lazare Eloundou, Cameroon Sofia Rodriguez-Larraín, Peru The conference received 550 participants from more than 50 countries. The main theme of Enrico Fodde, Italy Leslie Rainer, USA Stefan Simon, Germany TERRA 2012 was the conservation of earthen-architectural heritage in the face of natural disasters Erica Avrami, USA Luis Fernando Guerrero, Mexico Tara Sharma, India and climate change. The international conference TERRA 2012, the 11th International Conference Fernando Pinto, Portugal Maddalena Achenza, Italy Thierry Joffroy, France on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage was organized in collaboration Fernando Vegas, Spain Marcial Blondet, Peru Venkatarama Reddy, India with the 12th SIACOT, the Iberian-American Seminar on Earthen Architecture and Construction, Fernando Vela Cossio, Spain Mariana Correia, Portugal Wilfredo Carazas, Peru from PROTERRA - Iberian-American Network, as well as under the banner of the 40th anniversary Graciela Viñuales, Argentina Mauro Bertagnin, Italy Yong Shao, China of UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention. Horst Shroeder, Germany Monica Bahamondez, Chile TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS THEME 3 81 Documenting earthen-archaeological sites – the ISCEAH glossary Table of Contents coordinator: Luis Fernando Guerrero of deterioration patterns Documentation, Conservation and Louise Cooke, Enrico Fodde, Sandeep Sikka, Julio Vargas-Neumann FOREWORD 13 TERRA 2012 and its main theme Management of Archaeological Sites Julio Vargas, Marcial Blondet, Daniel Torrealva, TERRA 2012 Chair Committee 85 Protection of an earthen-archaeological site: A collaborative work between community and experts in Chile 14 Preface Mónica Bahamondez Prieto,