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U niversi^ MicioiPilms Intemationcil 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8518305 Inamete, Ufot Bassey THE CONCEPT OF NONALIGNMENT AND THE NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1960-1983 The University of Oklahoma PH.D. 1985 University Microfilms Intern eti O n el 300 N. zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 Copyright 1985 by Inamete, Ufot Bassey All Rights Reserved THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE CONCEPT OF NONALIGNMENT AND THE NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1960-1983 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By UFOT BASSEY INAMETE Norman, Oklahoma 1985 THE CONCEPT OF NONALIGNMENT AND THE NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1960-1983 A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE L ® Copyright by bTot Bassey Inamete 1985 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation research was carried out as part of the ful­ fillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree at The University of Oklahoma. The research benefitted from the help of many people. I owe special gratitude to Professor Donald Secrest, the Chairman of the Dissertation Committee, who rendered splendid supervi­ sion of the research. Professors R. Baker, P. Tharp, H. Tamashiro and F. Shelley, the other members of the Dissertation Committee, also de­ serve commendation for their roles in overseeing the research. I am also grateful to the Department of Political Science, whose Graduate Research Assistantship afforded me a lot of experience in the enterprise of searching for new knowledge, and also helped in financially supporting the dissertation research. Fran Porter, who typed this dissertation, is owed a lot of com­ mendation for providing a very professional service. B. N. Inamete, my father, and N. B. Inamete, my brother, are persons to whom I owe much, and I thank each for being a good father and a good brother. My father is also an exemplary teacher because he taught me the love of knowledge in many and various ways, for example, by making the best room in my childhood home the reading room, and also by insisting on calling this collection of books "the library." iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES................................................................... ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1 General Objectives .......................................... 1 Literature Review .............................................. 7 E ndnotes............................................................... 24 II. NONALIGNMENT: AN HISTORICALOUTLOOK AND A SURVEY OF RELATED POLITICAL THEMES................................................................... 29 An Historical Outlook...................................... 29 A Survey of Related Political Themes . 33 E ndnotes............................................................... 55 III. NONALIGNMENT AS A CONCEPT............................. 61 The Equidistance from the Superpower Blocs Policy Perspective ........................ 62 The Avoidance of Alignment with the Superpower Blocs Policy Perspective .............................................. 64 The Global Power Configuration Perspective .............................................. 65 Strategic Rationality Perspective .... 68 Alliance Against Alignment with Superpower Blocs Policy Perspecti v e .............................................. 69 The Natural Ally Logic Perspective . 70 The Global Morality Fountain Perspecti v e .............................................. 77 Chapter Page III- NONALIGNMENT AS A CONCEPT (Continued) The Altruistic Policy Perspective .... 78 International Peace Guarantor Perspective ....................................... 78 International Relations Positive Innovator Perspective ......................... 81 The Total Social Reality Perspective . 86 The Cultural Autonomy Assertion Perspecti v e ....................................... 88 The Anti-Imperialism Worldview Perspective ....................................... 89 The International Collective Bargaining Framework Perspective . 90 The Global Political Economy Perspective ....................................... 91 The Global Economy Reordering Policy Perspective .................................. 92 The Foreign Policy Strategy Perspective ....................................... 96 The Opportunistic Foreign Policy Perspective ................................................... 96 The Global Input of a Regional Ideology (Pan-Africanism) Perspective ........................................ 98 The Position of Strength Policy Perspective ........................................ 100 The Linking of National Goals with International Goals Tool Perspective ........................................ 103 The Independent International Initiatives and Actions Capability Perspective ......................... 104 The National Sovereignty Guarantor Perspective ....................................... 105 An Overview .............................................................. 110 E ndnotes................................................................... 123 IV. NONALIGNMENT AND NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY ...................................................... 136 The First Republic ................................... 137 The Balewa Government and Britain . 137 The Anglo-Nigerian Defense Pact . 148 The First Republic and Pan- African Ideal and Goals.......... 151 Nigeria and the Congo Crisis .... 155 VI Chapter Page IV. NONALIGNMENT AND NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY (Continued) The First Republic and Southern African Problem Area ..................... 160 The General Decolonization Process and the First R ep u b lic ........... 168 The Middle East Problem and the First Republic ................... 170 Foreign Economic Relations ................. 172 The First Republic and the East . 177 An Overview ........................................ 180 The Ironsi Government ............................... 184 The Gowon Government ...................................... 185 Relations with the W e s t ............... 186 The Civil War and the E a s t .......... 190 Foreign Economic Relations ................. 196 The Economic Commission of West African States ......................... 204 The Gowon Government and Pan- African Ideals and Goals .... 205 The Southern African Problem .... 206 The Middle East Problem ..................... 212 An Overview........................................ 215 The Muhairaned/Obasanjo Government .... 218 Relations with the West and East . 218 The Middle East P roblem .............. 224 Foreign Economic Relations ................. 227 The Southern African Problem .... 232 The Muhammed/Obasanjo Government and African A ffa irs..............; . 235 An Overview ....................................... 238 The Second Republic ................................... 241 Relations with the West and East . 242 Foreign Economic Relations ................. 246 The Middle East Problem ..................... 249 The Southern African Problem .... 251 The Second Republic and African Affairs .................................. 254 An Overview ....................................... 256 Endnotes............................................................... 257 v n Chapter Page V. CONCLUSION.............................................................. 278 E ndnotes.................................................................. 314 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................... 297 v m LIST