MikroTik User Meeting 2016 Topic Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking 25-26 / 02 / 2016 Ljubljana, Slovenia mMB -0518 Slide # 1 Presented by Michel Bodenheimer E-mail: [email protected] mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 2 Agenda • The Broad Picture • Broadband Wireless Access • Design Considerations • Antenna Parameters • BTS / Null Fill • Vendor Parameters • Conclusion mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 3 Typical Network Fixed Line RF Link Server IP Fixed Line User 2 User 1 In real life, RF Link ≠ Fixed Line mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 4 Broadband Wireless Access Wireless Access should be Telco Grade Telco – Flat Panel Antennas for ° Point-to-Point ( PtP ) ° Point-to-Multipoint ( PtMP ) ° Broadband Wireless Access ( BWA ) ° LTE , WiMAX , (4G) . applications. Enabling Wireless Communication Solutions mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 5 Broadband Wireless Access Wireless Access Should be Telco Grade Telco – Flat Panel Antennas for ° Point-to-Point ( PtP ) ° Point-to-Multipoint ( PtMP ) ° Broadband Wireless Access ( BWA ) ° LTE , WiMAX , (4G) . applications. Enabling Wireless Communication Solutions mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 6 The First Question • How much does it cost? mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 7 The Broad Picture • Network • Customers • Requirements • Applications • Throughput • Distance • Environment • Etc. mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 8 Wireless Systems - Design Considerations • The Antenna is the most critical component in wireless communications. • Selection of Antenna will directly influence – Distance of transmission – Throughput achievable – Quality of Service (QoS) – Interference immunity (C/N, C/I) – Frequency re-use – Reliability – Survivability Of any wireless system mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 9 Antenna Parameters • Frequency • Gain (main Lobe) • Half Power Beam Width • Front to Back Ratio • Side Lobe • Nulls • Cross Polarization • Environmental Conditions • . mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 10 Frequency [Hz] • Frequency – Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per time unit. The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. • Radio Frequency – That part of the electromagnetic spectrum, between about 3 kHz and 300 MHz, within which radio waves are transmitted. mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 11 Gain [dBi] • Azimuth • Elevation – Main Lobe – Main Lobe – Side Lobe – Side Lobe Azimuth Elevation • The amplification of the transmitted/received power. • The higher the gain is, the longer the possible distance between the user and the base station for effective link. • That allows larger cell size and requires less base stations. mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 12 Beam Width • The angle of which the main lobe gain is higher then half of the maximum power. Defined at • The wider/narrower the HPBW is, the wider/narrower the area that can be covered • - 3 dB with one antenna • That allows an efficient coverage design of the = Half Power cell. α * ETSI EN 302 326-3 mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 13 Front to Back Ratio • Front • The ratio between the energy radiated forward (wanted) to the energy radiated backwards (unwanted). • Back • The higher the ratio is, the less interfering energy transmitted/received from/to the back. mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 14 Main Lobe & Side Lobes • Main Lobe • Side Lobe: The gain of transmitted/received signal in unwanted directions. • Side Lobe 1 • The lower the side lobes levels are, the less interference received/transmitted and the network efficiency is improved. • Side Lobe 2 • Side Lobe 3 • . mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 15 Nulls • Directions where the antenna gain is very Between the Main low and signal can not be • received/transmitted. Lobe and the Side • With a special technique called “Null Filling” Lobes: “ Null ” we can improve the antenna coverage. • No (or very low) signal transmitted / received. mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 16 Cross Polarization • When you want to talk to someone using • Vertical vertical or horizontal polarization you want to match their angle of polarization X exactly for the strongest signal. • Cross-polarization is radiation orthogonal • Horizontal to the desired polarization. For instance, the cross-polarization of a vertically polarized antenna is the horizontally polarized fields. Often Cross Polarization is confused with – Dual Polarization (V&H) – Dual Slant (± 45 °) mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 17 Single Polarization Single Polarization • Vertical V mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 18 Dual Polarization Dual Polarization (DP) • Vertical + Horizontal V H mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 19 Dual Polarization / Dual Slant Dual Polarization (DP) Dual Slant (DS) • Vertical + Horizontal • ± 45° V # 1 # 2 H - 45 ° + 45 ° # 3 mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 20 Compare DP Antenna • 5 GHz, 16 dBi: Brand x single PCB, FR-4 1/2 foot Dual Polarization Antenna: 5GHz, 16dBi 17 16 15 14 13 12 Gain [dBi] Gain 11 10 Vendor x, Port V Vendor x, Port H 9 4.9 5 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.47 5.725 5.8 5.875 5.9 6 Frequency [GHz] mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 21 Compare DP Antenna • 5 GHz, 16 dBi: Quality single PCB, FR-4 1/2 foot Dual Polarization Antenna: 5GHz, 16dBi 17 16 15 14 13 Gain [dBi] Gain 12 11 MTI, Port V MTI, Port H 10 9 4.9 5 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.47 5.725 5.8 5.875 5.9 6 Frequency [GHz] mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 22 Compare DP Antenna • 5 GHz, 16 dBi: Brand x / Quality single PCB, FR-4 1/2 foot Dual Polarization Antenna: 5GHz, 16dBi 17 16 15 14 13 Gain [dBi] Gain 12 11 Vendor x, Port V Vendor x, Port H MTI, Port V MTI, Port H 10 9 4.9 5 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.47 5.725 5.8 5.875 5.9 6 Frequency [GHz] mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 23 Compare DP Antenna • 5 GHz, 16 dBi: Brand x / Quality single PCB, FR-4 At least 4 different ways to implement: 1.Single PCB, FR-4 2. Two PCBs, FR -4 3.Two PCBs, FR-4 and other 4.Two PCBs, different Each will have different performance , different cost ! mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 24 Compare DP Antenna • 5 GHz, 16 dBi: Brand x / Quality single PCB, FR-4 At least 4 different ways to implement: 1. Single PCB, FR-4 2. Two PCBs, FR -4 3. Two PCBs, FR-4 and other 4. Two PCBs, different Each will have different performance , different cost ! mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 25 Antennas may Outperform Specifications MT-485001 , 5.15-5.875 GHz, 18 dBi, CPE antenna Specification vrs. Broadband performance Gain mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 26 Antennas performance out of specified bandwidth Specification vrs. Broadband performance Specification vrs. Broadband performance Gain VSWR • Note some degradation in performance of Gain and VSWR out of specified range. • Customer should verify performance if he wishes to use antenna outside of specified frequency range. mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 27 Environmental Conditions • Operating Temperature -40 °C to +71 °C • Vibration IEC 60721-3-4 Random 4M3 • Mechanical Shock IEC 60721-3-4 4M3 • Humidity ETSI EN300-2-4 T4.1E • Dust & Water Tightness IEC529, IP67 • Salt Spray 500 hours per IEC 68 • Solar Radiation ASTM G 53 • Ice and Snow 25mm radial • Flammability UL-94 V2 • Wind Load Survival EN 302-085 (survival 220 km/h, operating 160 km/h) QTP for every new antenna 100% VSWR Test mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 28 Quality Standards • Qualified to meet ETSI standards • Toughest environmental conditions • QTP for every new product • 100% VSWR test • Customer Support mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 29 Vendor Parameters • Public / Private • Proven track record • Technical capabilities • R&D, Manufacturing, Testing • Products Portfolio • Expertise • Reliability of technical information • more … mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 30 Lessons learned the hard way Remarks • The following comments are examples of a large number of similar cases only. • We do not wish to comment on any vendor specifically, whether his documentation was randomly selected or not. Just some of many examples mMB-0299 © – MTI Confidential, Internal Proprietary mMB -0518 Slide # 31 Examples 1. (a & b) Specification versus Actual 2. Beam Width 3. Throughput 4. Coverage • . Ramifications mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 32 # 1.a. Specification • 29 dBi Dual Polarization Dish Antenna Gain: 29 dBi mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 33 Measured • 29 dBi Dual Polarization Dish Antenna ? mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 34 Specification (2) Measured (2) • 2629 dBidBi Dual Polarization Dish Antenna ! ? ? mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 35 # 1.a. “Cheap” Antenna • You paid for a: 29 dBi Dual Polarization Dish Antenna • You received a: 26 dBi Dual Polarization Dish Antenna • Value for money? mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 36 # 1.b. Specification • 5 GHz, Dual Polarization Dish Antenna mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 37 Measured: Gain • Test Results mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 38 Compare: Gain • Performance HQ HQ-x B-y Ant B HQ HQ Ant B HQ HQ mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 39 Compare: Port Isolation & Side Lobes • Performance HQ HQ-x B-y • Side Lobes HQ Ant B • Port Isolation HQ Ant B mMB-0518 Quality Considerations in Wireless Networking Slide 40 # 1.b.