POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL VOLUME II (Social Demography) Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal 2014 Published by Central Bureau of Statistics Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal Supported by United Nations Population Fund First Edition, 2014 : (2,000 copies) Price: Rs. .............. ISBN : 978-9937-2-8972-6 Printed at: Multi Graphic Press Pvt. Ltd. Phone No. 4274651/9851020809 Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of CBS PREFACE The National Population Census 2011 has provided a wealth of information that is required to understand various socio-economic and demographic changes that have occurred in the country during the intervening period of the two censuses. The Population Monograph of Nepal 2014, an analytical report of the census 2011 presented in three volumes contains in-depth analysis of different topics related to the population of the country prepared by the eminent professionals dealing with such issues in their professional work. The first volume contains 12 chapters related to the population dynamics of Nepal, such as size and structure of the population, nuptiality, fertility, mortality, migration and population projections. The second volume contains 10 chapters on social demography dealing with caste/ethnicity, language, ageing, socioeconomic characteristics, status of gender, education, adolescents and youth, children and disability. Similarly, the third volume consists 9 chapters which include important interlinkages of population and economic variable such as economic activities, urbanization, economic development, environment, status of agriculture and other poverty indicators. Data has been disaggregated by caste, ethnicity, gender and spatial distribution wherever possible. Each chapter has been further reviewed by experts and edited by a professional editor to ensure consistency in the language and terminology used. On behalf of the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and on my own behalf, I am grateful to all those authors, co-authors and reviewers who have contributed with write-ups and thorough review. Thanks are due also to CBS staff for their dedication to bring out this publication in time. Similarly, Giulia Vallese, UNFPA Representative, Bijay Thapa, Assistant Representative, Tirtha Man Tamang, Programme Officer, UNFPA Country Office and Nicholas McTurk, Population and Development Specialist, APRO/UNFPA deserve our special appreciation not only for their active involvement and encouragement in bringing these volumes to light, but also for their contribution in coordinating development partners’ contribution in the refinement of the various chapters. Finally, I would like to thank all respondents who provided invaluable information during the field operation and appreciate all those who had extended hands in this national endeavor and helped to make the census a grand success. I welcome suggestions from the users of these volumes in order to improve CBS publications in future. December, 2014 Bikash Bista Kathmandu, Nepal. Director General ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors: 1. Bikash Bista 21. Nebin Lal Shrestha 2. Dipendra Bikram Sijapati 22. Radha Krishna G.C. 3. Dr. Ram Sharan Pathak 23. Dr. Kusum Shakya 4. Upendra Adhilkary 24. Bharat Raj Sharma 5. Gyanendra Bajrachary 25. Laxmi Prasad Tripathi 6. Dila Ram Bhandari 26. Anil Thapa 7. Bishnu Das Dangol 27. Dr. Bal Krishna Subedi 8. Dr. Puspa Lal Joshi 28. Dr. Shankar Khanal 9. Ajit Pradhan 29. Dr. Ram Hari Aryal 10. Mahesh Pradhan 30. Dr. Rudra Suwal 11. Yadu Nath Acharya 31. Madhav Prasad Dahal 12. Ramesh Chandra Das 32. Dr. Devendra Prasad Shrestha 13. Dr. Padma Prasad Khatiwada 33. Dr. Ram Prasad Gyanwaly 14. Dr. Bhim Raj Suwal 34. Dr. Bhim Prasad Subedi 15. Uttam Narayan Malla 35. Dr. Kedar Rijal 16. Bal Krishna Mabuhang 36. Hem Raj Regmi 17. Dr. Dilli Ram Dahal 37. Kamal Raj Gautam 18. Dr. Yogendra Yadava 38. Dr. Badri P. Pokhrel 19. Dr. Mrigendra Lal Singh 39. Rabi Prasad Kayastha 20. Dr. Yogendra Gurung 40. Dr. Laxman Singh Kunwar Reviewers: 1. Dr. Chandra Bhadra 8. UNICEF 2. Dr. Bal Kumar K.C. 9. UNWOMEN 3. Dr. Bimala Rai Paudel, Hon. Member, NPC 10. UNHABITAT 4. Dr. Bal Gopal Baidya 11. UNESCO 5. Dr. Pushkar Bajracharya 12. ILO 6. UNFPA 13. WFP 7. UNDP Coordinator: Uttam Narayan Malla Data Management Members of Population Monograph Management Dol Narayan Shrestha, Computer Officer, CBS Committee 1. Bikash Bista, DG, CBS Chairperson 2. Dr. Rudra Suwal, DDG, CBS 3. Ram Bahadur Ghimire, Under Secretary, NPCS Other contributors 4. Anil Thapa, Director, MOHP, 1. Indra Bahadur Karki, Director, CBS 5. Shanker Lal Shrestha, Director, CBS 2. Tirtha Raj Baral, SO, CBS 6. Bijay Thapa, UNFPA 3. Sunil Kumar Shrestha, SO, CBS 7. Tirtha Man Tamang, UNFPA 4. Bishnu Raj Regmi, SA, CBS 8. Yadu Nath Acharya, SO, CBS 9. Prakash Subedi, Finance Officer, CBS Esther Bayliss (Language Editor) Nicholas McTurk, UNFPA, APRO VOLUMES AND CHAPTERS Volume I (Population Dynamics) Chapter No. Chapters 1 Centenary of the Population Census of Nepal: A Historical Perspective 2 Population Size, Growth and Distribution 3 Age Sex Composition 4 Nuptiality Trends and Differentials in Nepal 5 Fertility Levels, Patterns and Trend 6 Mortality Levels and Patterns in Nepal 7 Maternal Mortality 8 Life Table Analysis of Nepal 9 International Migration and Citizenship in Nepal 10 Internal Migration in Nepal 11 National Population Census 2011: A Brief Account of Operational Aspect 12 Population Projections for Nepal (2011-2031) Volume II (Social Demography) Chapter No. Chapters 1 Social Composition of the Population: Caste/Ethnicity and Religion in Nepal 2 Language Use in Nepal 3 Aspects of Ageing 4 Social Demography of Nepal: Evidences from Population and Housing Census 2011 5 Literacy and Educational Status of Nepalese Population 6 Changing Gender Status: Achievements and Challenges 7 Adolescents Youth and Young Population 8 Child Population 9 Persons with Disability and Their Characteristics 10 Population Policy in the Context of Changing Demographic Picture of Nepal Volume III (Economic Demography) Chapter No. Chapters 1 Economically Active Population: Dimensions and Dynamics 2 Own Account Economic Activities of Nepalese Households 3 Population and Economic Development 4 Urbanisation in Nepal: Spatial Pattern, Social Demography and Development 5 Human Population and Environmental Problems in Nepal 6 Population and Status of Agriculture 7 Household and Household Structure in Nepal 8 Household Amenities and Durable Goods 9 Structure and Characteristics of Nepalese Housing EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Volume I (Population Dynamics) 1.1 Nepal has been conducting population censuses since 1911. The first four censuses were conducted under the Rana Regime and were limited to specific purposes. In 1952/54, the first attempt was made to collect internationally comparable data from the census. Computers were used first in 1971. The census of 1991, the first after the restoration of democracy, collected information on caste and ethnicity. The census of 2001 introduced sampling in the census for the first time. The National Population Census of 2011 is the eleventh census and marks 100 years in the history of census taking in the country. 1.2 The total population of Nepal, as of 22 June 2011, was 26.5 million with a decadal increase of 14.4% from 2001. The population a decade age, or in 2001, was 23.2 million. The average annual growth rate of the population from 2001 to 2011 was 1.35%, a sharp decline from the 2.25% of the previous decade 1991-2001. The number of households stands at 5.4 million in 2011. 1.3 Households with 1 to 4 members are highest in the census 2011, whereas 5 person households were highest in the 2001 census. Female-headed households have increased by 11 percentage points from 14.87% in 2001 to 25.73% in 2011. 1.4 The number of housing units enumerated in 2011 stands at 4,466,931, which has increased by 868,719 units over the last ten years. Most households live in their own house. However, households residing in rented houses have been gradually increasing in urban areas. Ownership of housing in Tarai and eastern development regions was found to be comparatively low. Most of the houses in Nepal were eleven to twenty years old with single floors. The average number of households per house has increased from 1.16 in 2001 to 1.21 in 2011. 1.5 Discrepancies in access to household amenities and facilities (such as radio, television, mobile phone, vehicles etc.) exist in different parts of the country. The coverage of improved source of drinking water has substantially increased. However there was no substantial change in the use of solid fuel (firewood, leaves, cow-dung and agricultural residue) for cooking. On the contrary, the share of kerosene as cooking fuel has drastically decreased and the percentage of LPG users has significantly increased between the two censuses. Similarly, the coverage of kerosene as a source of lighting fuel has sharply declined during the census periods. Electricity is now a major source of lighting fuel and its coverage has significantly increased in 2011 compared to 2001. The coverage of toilet facilities has also increased during the intercensal period, exceeding 90% in urban areas. A higher disparity was observed in the possession of consumer durable goods and services among urban/rural, ecological zones and development regions. 1.6 The decline in population growth rate from 2.25% in 2001 to 1.35% in 2011 was attributed both to a decline in fertility and the emigration of youth. It will take 51 years to double the population of 2011 if the present growth rate prevails. The growth rate varies in urban and rural areas with 3.38 and 0.98 percentages per year respectively. The highest growth rate (4.78%) is observed in Kathmandu. Twenty-seven (27) districts, all from Mountain and Hill, have experienced negative growth over the last decade. It has been observed that the proportion of the population is gradually declining in Mountain and Hill and steadily increasing in Tarai.