Hegel’s Anthropological Conception of Logic Joseph Carew Department of Philosophy McGill University, Montreal December 2019 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Joseph Carew 2019 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 5 English Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 6 French Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 8 List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction: Hegel, the Philosopher of Human Rationality ................................................ 12 0.1 Logic, rationality, and the quintessential human experience of the world .......................................... 15 0.2 Hegel’s transformation of logic as a discipline ................................................................................................. 17 0.2.1 Objective Logic: the formal outline of a universe of meaning .......................................................... 17 0.2.1 SuBjective Logic: the formal outline of the logical space of reasons ............................................. 19 0.3 Logic as “self-knowledge”: describing the rational form of human life ................................................. 23 0.4 The “fiery leprosy of the sKy”: the anti-Spinozism and anti-Romanticism of Hegel’s logic ........... 25 0.4.1 Being as Becoming ............................................................................................................................................... 25 0.4.2 Spirit’s BreaK from nature ................................................................................................................................ 26 0.4.3 The impotence of nature .................................................................................................................................. 27 0.4.4 Human history as the self-writing epic of spirit ..................................................................................... 29 0.4.5 Problems of interpretation: “deflationary” vs. “inflationary” readings of Hegel’s logic ....... 31 0.5 An outline of the argument ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Chapter 1: From Phenomenology to Logic: Proving the Rationality of Human Experience ............................................................................................................................................. 36 1.1 The existential role of the production and consumption of reasons in human Life ......................... 39 1.2 The experience of consciousness: rationality as the creation of a universe of meaning without external support for truth ................................................................................................................................................. 47 1.2.1 Sense-certainty: the instinctive rationality of the body ...................................................................... 47 1.2.2 Perception: the theory-ladenness of our experience of oBjects ...................................................... 50 1.2.3 The understanding: the source of true Beliefs in the rational self-satisfaction of discourse ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 54 1.3 The experience of self-consciousness: rationality and our metaphysical achievement over (our) nature ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 1.3.1 The desire for recognition: the ontological distinctiveness of human vis-à-vis animal life 60 1.3.2 From the struggle of life and death to unhappy consciousness: human history as a self- contained and self-justifying universe of meaning .......................................................................................... 66 1.4 The experience of reason: rationality and its discontents in modern science .................................... 69 1.4.1 The scientific observation of nature, the Sphinx whose riddle cannot Be solved ................... 71 1.4.2 The scientific observation of the human being: the vicissitudes of naturalization ................ 77 1.5 The experience of spirit: rationality and the historical self-revision of social beliefs values ...... 83 2 1.6 The recapitulation of aBsolute knowing: living in the logical space of reasons ................................. 91 Chapter 2: The Anthropological Task of Logic: Describing the Rationality of Human Experience ............................................................................................................................................. 96 2.1 Rationality as the originating factor of human experience ......................................................................... 98 2.2 “MaKing it explicit”: our instinctive Knowledge of the norms of thinking ......................................... 104 2.3 The deep Bond Between logic and language ................................................................................................... 107 2.4 The divisions of Hegel’s logic: the “objective” and “subjective” categories ....................................... 112 2.4.1 Objective Logic: defining the universe of meaning that supports human experience ........ 113 2.4.2 SuBjective Logic: unearthing the rational interests and innate patterns of Behaviour that maKe up the logical space of reasons .................................................................................................................. 118 2.5 The movement of Hegel’s logic ............................................................................................................................. 130 2.6 Hegel on the logical space of reasons: phenomenological and ontological implications ............ 141 2.7 Understanding Hegel’s deduction: logic and experience .......................................................................... 145 Chapter 3: Objective Logic: Defining Our Experiential Universe of Meaning .............. 150 3.1 The categories of Being, nothing, and Becoming: the logical Big Bang of experience ................... 152 3.2 The categories of quality: the structure of sensory experience ............................................................. 157 3.3 The categories of quantity: the formal structure of everyday and scientific experience ............ 165 3.4 The categories of essence: the theory-laden structure of experience ................................................. 173 3.5 The categories of appearance: the structure of our perceptual experience of “Big” objects ..... 181 3.6 The categories of actuality: the worldly structure of full-fledged experience ................................. 190 3.7 The transition to the concept: Hegel’s argument for aBsolute idealism, human freedom, and anti- Spinozism .............................................................................................................................................................................. 200 Chapter 4: Subjective Logic: Defining the Distinctively Human Space of Reasons ..... 207 4.1 The concept: conceiving and the ideal of meaning towards which it strives ................................... 209 4.1.1 Universal concepts ........................................................................................................................................... 210 4.1.2 Particular concepts .......................................................................................................................................... 212 4.1.3 Singular systems of concepts ....................................................................................................................... 213 4.1.4 The Basic normative structure of an inferential networK of meaning ....................................... 215 4.1.5 The logical proof of the impotence of nature ....................................................................................... 216 4.1.6 From the concept to judgment and syllogism: the construction of an inferential networK of meaning ............................................................................................................................................................................ 219 4.2 Judgment: the Basic normative structure of doxastic commitments ................................................... 222 4.2.1 Judgments of existence: commitments to mere perceptual facts ................................................ 224 4.2.2 Judgments of reflection: commitments to observed matters of fact .......................................... 228 4.2.3 Judgments of necessity: commitments to the facts of the matter ................................................ 232 4.2.4 Judgments of the concept: evaluative commitments ........................................................................ 237 3 4.4 Syllogism: the Basic normative structure of entitlement conferment