International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology (IJBTT) - volume 5 Issue 1 January to March 2015 Invitro Antibacterial Activity of four Indian Spices against Some Pathogenic Organisms B.Umamaheswari & S.Rajalakshmi Department of Microbiology, Idhaya College for women Kumbakonam. Guided by: Miss. B.Umamaheswari, M.Sc., M.Phil,-lecturer in microbiology, Idhaya College for women ABSTRACT Unranked : Magnolids In the present study the Indian spices extracts of Order : Piperales Piper nigrum, Foeniculum vulgare, Syzyigum Family : Piperaceae aromaticum and Elettaria cardamomum was used Genus : Piper for antibacterial activity assay. The test organism Species : P. nigrum such as Escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, Binomial name : Piper nigrum Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected. This Indian spices have Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in been reported to have antiseptic and disinfectant the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, influences on the microbial word and are which is usually dried and used as a spice and considered as antimicrobial agents. Spices extracts seasoning. Black pepper is native to south India. It of Piper nigrum, Foeniculum vulgare, Syzyigum is used for flavour and as a medicine. The spiciness aromaticum, Elettaria cardamomum maximum of black pepper is due to the chemical piperine. It is antibacterial activity against microorganisms added in food as flavouring agent. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus. All other bacterial species showed moderate antibacterial activities. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF FENNEL INTRODUCTION Kingdom : Plantae Unranked : Angiosperms A Spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or Unranked : Eudicats vegetative substance primarily used to flavouring, Unranked : Asterids colouring or for preserving food. It have other uses, Order : Apiales including medicinal, religious ritual, cosmetics or Family : Apiaceae perfume production or as a vegetable. Turmeric Genus : Foeniculum roots are consumed as a vegetables and garlic as an Species : F. vulgare antibiotic. Binomial name : Foeniculum vulgare NUTRITION It is a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous, herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is grown in Herbs and spices have substantial antioxidant many parts of the world, especially on dry soils activity. Owing primarily to phenolic compounds near the sea coast and on river banks. It is a highly especially flavonoids which influence nutrition aromatic and flavourful herb with culinary and through many pathways. These antioxidants also medicinal uses. can act as natural preservatives, preventing or SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF CARDAMOMUM slowing the spoilage of food. Kingdom : Plantae THE USES AND BENEFITS OF SPICES Unranked : Angiosperms Unranked : Monocots Spices are used in India and other countries make Unranked : Commelinids better use of spices by discovering for its benefits Order : Zingiberales provided by the spices. Among like many spices Family : Zingiberaceae Black pepper, Fennel, Cardamomum and cloves are Genus : Elettaria taken for the investigation of antimicrobial activity Species : E. cardamomum for this study. Binomial name : Elettaria cardamomum SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF BLACK PEPPER Cardamomum of commerce is the dried ripe fruit Kingdom : Plantae often referred as the ‘Queen of Spices’ because of Unranked : Angiosperms its very pleasant aroma and taste cardamomum is a perennial, herbaceous, rhizomatous plant. Based on ISSN: 2249-0183 http://www.ijbttjournal.org Page 13 International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology (IJBTT) - volume 5 Issue 1 January to March 2015 the nature of panicles, three varieties are presentations of community acquired Klebsiella recognized viz. Malabar with prostrate panicle, infection chest radiography abnormalities such as Mysore with erect panicle and vazhukka with semi bulging interlobar tissure and cavitary abscsses are erect panicle. prominent. However, the incidence of community SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF CLOVE acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae has apparently declined in the United States. Kingdom : Plantae Unranked : Angiosperms Escherichia coli Unranked : Eudicats Unranked : Rosids A strain of Escherichia coli a sub group within the Order : Myrtales species that has unique characteristics that Family : Myrtaceae distinguish it from other Escherichia coli strains. Genus : Syzyigum These differences are often detectable only at the Species : S. aromaticum molecular level however they may result in Binomial name : Syzyigum aromaticum changes to the physiology or life cycle of the bacterium. For example ability to take upon a Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree particular ecological niche or the ability to resist in the family Myrtaceae, syzugium aromaticum, antimicrobial agents. Different strains of cloves are native to the melaku islands in Indonesia Escherichia coli are often host specific, making it and used as spice in all cuisines all over the world. possible to determine the source of faecal Cloves are harvested primarily in Indonesia. India, contamination in environmental samples and Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan and srilanka. They knowing which Escherichia coli strains are often have a numbing effect on mouth tissues. host-specific. For example knowing which Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli strains are present in a water sample allows to make assumptions about a human Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen for another mammal or a bird. human. Almost every person will have some type of staphylococcus aureus infection during a life DISC DIFFUSION METHOD time ranging in infections staphylococcus aureus cause impetigo superficial skin infection that is Antibiotic assay is performed by using disc common in sepsis with suppuration in any organ. diffusion technique two great. Scientist William Staphylococci of low invasiveness are involved in Kirby and A.W. Bauer developed it during the year many skin infections (e.g. acne, pyoderma or 1996. In this antibiotics present in the disc diffuse impetigo) in to the remote area success fullness of disc diffusion is depends on amount of inoculums, Pseudomonas aeruginosa nature of disc, moisture content of media and incubation condition. This test is done to determine Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on abuitous inhabitant of which antibiotic is effectiveness against the soil and fresh, water causes several diseases. It particular pathogen. In this method both test and causes 4% urinary tract infections, Pseudomonas control organisms were used in two separate plate’s aeruginosa, a gram negative bacteria is a clinically width of the zone of inhibition is usually measured. important pathogen because of therapeutic problem because it produces a high rate morbidity and MATERIALS AND METHODS mortality and because of the possibility of drug resistance developing during therapy. The main SPICES COLLECTION reason for this bacterial resistance is thought to be organism low outer membrane permeability to The spices like black pepper (Piper nigrum), antibacterial agents. It affects invictims of severe Fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare), Cloves burns in cancer patients who have been treated with (Syzyigum aromaticum), cardamom (Elettaria immuno suppressive drugs. cardamomum) was collected from shop Thiruvannamalai and in Kumbakonam, Thanjavur Klebsiella pneumoniae district, Tamil nadu. Klebsiella pneumonia is among the most common BACTERIAL CULTURE COLLECTION gram negative bacterial encountered by physicians worldwide. It is common hospital acquired Antibacterial activity of spices extract and synthetic pathogen causing urinary tract infections compounds were investigated on four bacterial nasocomical K. pneumoniae is also a potential spices. The bacteria organisms were used in this community acquired pathogen. In this interaction study includes one gram positive bacteria, collaborative study we evaluated geographic Staphylococcus aureus and three gram negative differences and trends in three prominent bacterial strains that is Escherichia coli, Klebsiella ISSN: 2249-0183 http://www.ijbttjournal.org Page 14 International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology (IJBTT) - volume 5 Issue 1 January to March 2015 pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The PREPARATION OF MEDIA microorganisms were obtained from diagnostic centres of Trichy, Thanjavur District and Tamil MULLER HINTON AGAR nadu. 10gm of Muller-Hinton agar was suspended in GENERAL MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1000ml of distilled water and the PH was adjusted to 7.3 ± 0.2 and the agar was boiled to dissolve the General laboratory techniques for the preparation medium completely. The medium was sterilised by of media inoculation maintenance of culture were autoclaving at (121oc) (15lbs pressure) for 15 followed. minutes and mixed well before pouring. CLEANING OF GLASS WARE EXTRACTS PREPARATION All glass wares were kept in chromic acid cleaning ETHANOL EXTRACT solution (10%) potassium dichromate in 25% sulphuric acid for a few hours. The glass wares The fine powder of 4 spices, like black pepper, were washed thoroughly in tap water followed by fennel seeds, cloves and cardamom was taken. detergent solution and finally rinsed with distilled 2.5gm of each spice were mixed with 7.5ml of water. ethanol separately. 25% was kept for 12hrs for proper mixing of bioactive compounds. From this STERILIZATION µl of extract was used for antibacterial assay. Media were sterilized in autoclave at 121oc (151os) INVITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING FOR pressure for