N° 42415 N° THESE EN COTUTELLE présentée à L’Université Libanaise Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologie Spécialité :Sciences de la terre et de l’environnement ET L’Université de Lille, Sciences et technologies Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologie Spécialité :Chimie organique, minérale, industrielle Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR par CHBIB Chaza Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’Akkar au nord du Liban : Evaluation des risques sanitaires. Thèse soutenue publiquement le 6 Novembre 2017 Membre du Jury M. Fawaz El OMAR, Professeur, Université Libanaise Président M. Chadi ABDALLAH, Chercheur ,CNRS-Liban Rapporteur M. Serge CHIRON, Directeur de recherche IRD, Université de Montpellier Rapporteur M. Laurent QUILLET, Maître de conférences HDR, Université de Rouen Examinateur M. Baghdad OUDDANE, Professeur, Université de Lille Directeur de thèse M. Moomen BAROUDI, Professeur, Université Libanaise Directeur de thèse Mme. Sopheak NET-DAVID, Maître de conférences HDR, Université de Lille Co-encadrement M. Mhammad Fouad ZIADE, Maître de conférences, Université Libanaise Co-encadrement Chaza CHBIB; Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’AKKAR au nord du Liban : Evaluation des risques sanitaires. II Dedications To Mom and dad, To my lovely sisters, and to my brother… Who always encouraged me to go any adventure especially this one Chaza CHBIB; Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’AKKAR au nord du Liban : Evaluation des risques sanitaires. III Keep your dreams alive. Understand to achieve anything requires faith and belief in yourself, vision, hard work, determination, and dedication. Remember all things are possible for those who believe”. Gail Devers Chaza CHBIB; Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’AKKAR au nord du Liban : Evaluation des risques sanitaires. IV Acknowledgments It is my pleasure to extend my sincere thanks to all the persons who help and advice in the elaboration of this doctoral thesis and allowed me to arrive at the end of this thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank all the members of the jury committee: M. Serge CHIRON and M. Chadi ABDALLAH who have accepted to judge this work and to be reporter of my thesis and M. Fawaz El OMAR and M. Laurent QUILLET who agreed to review my project and to be part of this jury. I would particularly like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Prof. Baghdad OUDDANE for the continuous support of my PhD study and related research; for the confidence, he has given me, his patient guidance, scientific help, motivation, immense knowledge and advice he has provided throughout my time as his student. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge my deepest thanks and gratitude to Prof Moomen BAROUDI, for suggesting the topic of this essay, and his kind supervision. It is a great honor to work under his supervision. I have been extremely lucky to have supervisor like you who cared so much about my work, and who responded to my questions and queries so promptly. Foremost, enormous gratitude is due to Dr. Sopheak Net for the whole 3 years and she has been unstinting in his support of my research and constructive critique. A particular thanks for her support, her great availability, her motivation enthusiasm, and encouragement and immense knowledge over the years. Her motivation, Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. “SOSO”, thank you to making my PhD life more bearable and often fun. I want to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Fouad ZIADE who was for me a thesis co-director attentive and available despite his many loads. His competence, his statistical rigor, and his scientific help foresight taught me a lot. My sincere thanks also goes to the director of LASIR Laboratory “Hervé VEZIN,” director of the team Physico-chimie de l’environnement “Dr. Gabriel BILLON” and the director of L.S.S.E laboratory “Pr. Jalal HALWANI”, who provided me an opportunity to join their team as intern, and who gave access to the laboratory and research facilities. Without they precious support it would not be possible to conduct this research. I am grateful like to all the coworkers in the LASIR laboratory-team Physico-chimie de l’environnement: David, Ludovic, Christine, Melinda, Veronique, Justine and M. Michel Wartel for the sympathetic climate in which they allowed me to work. And I also thank all the colleagues, PhD Chaza CHBIB; Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’AKKAR au nord du Liban : Evaluation des risques sanitaires. V students, and the trainers in the Laboratory: Dima, Joselin, Suzanah, Anastasia, Tudor, his Wife “Nelly” and their adorable Theodora, Oscar, Nicole, Junias, Henri, Prathima, Maria Clara, Rafika, Ines and Salma that I had the chance to know them and to spend with them very good moments. I need also to thank the assistants of L.S.S.E Laboratory -Lebanon: Nadia, Imane, Hiba, Diana and Jinane who create such a good atmosphere in the laboratory. I also would to thank Madame Viviane BOUT in the University of Lille 1 for her help in the mineralogical analysis of the soil samples. On the other hand, I wish to acknowledge the dozens students of the Lebanese university – Faculty of public health who were helped me to accomplish my epidemiological mission in Akkar. I need to further thank all my friends, particularly Assia “Sousi”, Maryam “Mimi”, Eimina “Ammoun” who always took the time to listen, even when I was just complaining. Also Youma “Youmi” and my favorite best friend Maryam “Michti” who deserve a special thanks because they have been like a second family to me. “Michtiii you are the endless love of balb”; I cannot forget all our crazy moments in Akkar… I would like to thank my second family in Lille “Prof. Baghdad and his wife Catherine” for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis. I could never have done this without your spiritually love, support, and constant encouragement that you gave me throughout my 3 years of PhD. You have cherished with me every great moment and supported me whenever I needed it. Mamiiii “Catherine”, I am so blessed to have an amazing mother like you in my life. No words can express my emotions; In your arm, I was found the maternal love and the moral support. “I still want to be your little daughter all my life if you allow”. A special group from the Lille is not mentioned yet, because they deserve their own part: The Trilille team (Bica “Bouchra” and Rayouna “Rayane”). Thank you my best friends for being there for me when I call you and need someone to just listen. It doesn’t matter where we are in Lille or in another place in the world, I know you will always pick up. Thank you for defending me and for being my best supporter who encourage me when life is really crappy I can’t forget every inside joke we have ever created and the moments of silence we share together, where words don’t need to be said. I finish with Lebanon, where the most basic source of my life energy resides: My family which is them that I dedicate this thesis. I love you infinitely Chaza CHBIB; Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’AKKAR au nord du Liban : Evaluation des risques sanitaires. VI Mami and Dadi, you were always my idols; thank you for every moment, for allowing me to realize my own potential and for your support. Without you, I would ever have been there today. Thank you for teaching me to believe in myself, in god and in my dreams. All my words will not be able to express my respect, my eternal love and my consideration for the sacrifices that you have done for me all my life. “I am so proud to be your daughter”. My sisters Nana, Bouha, and sofiii; Thanks to be by my side in all my life and more particular thanks for your supporting, your encouragement and your help along my 3 years of PhD. I know without you; my life will be so hard; you are the greatest gift that anyone has ever given me because you’re not only my adorable sisters but also my best friends. شكر ا Chaza CHBIB; Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’AKKAR au nord du Liban : Evaluation des risques sanitaires. VII Abstract Akkar is the second agricultural zone in Lebanon and it covers 798 km2 area in the north, near the Syrian borders. It is characterized by a coastal plain reaching a maximum width of 9 km to the Sea and High Mountains to the east. Potatoes, citrus, fruits, and vegetables crops are the main crops in this region. Pesticides are intensely applied in agricultural activities in this region, and the groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated by some pesticides. Due to the absence of a public network for water distribution, groundwater is used as the main source for drinking water of local inhabitants. The present study focus firstly on the evaluation of groundwater and soil contamination by pesticides including organochlorines (OCPs), organophosphorus (OPPs) and organonitrogen (ONPs) and by heavy metals in order to better characterize the degree of contamination of Akkar groundwater. Secondly, the work is focusing on the risk assessment of pollution on the population of Akkar. High levels of OCPs, OPPs, and ONPs were detected in many villages in Akkar plain groundwater.