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When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History The Real Meaning of Our Work: Religion in Jewish Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs 1880-1939 by Anne Louise Holdorph Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 Anne Holdorph UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Real Meaning of Our Work: Religion in Jewish Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs 1880-1939 Anne Louise Holdorph In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, philanthropists in Britain created a large number of clubs for young people. Whilst many of these were connected with churches, British Jewry founded a number of their own clubs for young Jewish men and women. These clubs were run in the East End of London and other urban centres with high numbers of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe such as Manchester, Leeds, Glasgow and Liverpool. The club managers were established Jews who lived in wealthier areas of the cities who sought to pass on positive British attributes to the immigrant population. In addition to secular activities such as sports, the clubs used religion as a way to encourage young immigrants to adapt to religious life in England, a neglected aspect of their work. This thesis explores the inclusion of a religious element within these clubs, examining the period from the beginning of the clubs existence in the 1880s, responding to the influx of Eastern European immigrants arriving in the UK, until the outbreak of the Second World War when the focus of Anglo-Jewish philanthropy shifted from domestic concerns to those within Europe and on combating anti- Semitism. This thesis explores how religion promoted an ideal of national identity, specifically designed for working class immigrant Jews, as well as the ways in which religion promoted gender identities which were designed to aid integration into British society. The first two chapters analyse Orthodox Jewish boys’ and girls’ clubs. As the majority of clubs fall into these categories these chapters will look at these groups as providing normative experiences. The third chapter will look at uniformed groups and explore the extent to which these groups provided a ‘uniformed’ experience not only in relation to outward appearance but also in terms of gendered religion. The final chapter will examine Liberal Jewish clubs, the major alternative to the other organisations explored. These were attacked by those within the Orthodox mainstream due to their religious affiliation and this thesis will discuss the ways in which this criticism was heightened in response to deviations from gender norms. This thesis therefore demonstrates the centrality of gender norms in religious programming for young people. 1 Anne Holdorph Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1 List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................................... 5 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 Immigration and the Anglo-Jewish Community .................................................... 12 Education and the Clubs. ........................................................................................ 14 The Chevrot ......................................................................................................... 15 Masculinity ............................................................................................................. 22 Femininity ............................................................................................................... 28 Contents, Methodology, Sources and Structure ..................................................... 37 Chapter One – Girls’ Clubs 1886 - 1939 ................................................................................. 44 Girls’ Clubs in London ........................................................................................... 49 Background and Ethos ......................................................................................... 49 Religious Activities ............................................................................................. 54 Summer Holidays ................................................................................................ 61 Girls’ Clubs outside London ................................................................................... 64 Girls’ Club Conclusion ........................................................................................... 71 Chapter Two – Boys’ Clubs 1896-1939................................................................................... 74 Background and Ethos ............................................................................................ 78 Religious Activities................................................................................................. 83 Summer Camps ..................................................................................................... 102 Boys’ Club Conclusion ......................................................................................... 109 Chapter Three – Uniformed Jewish Youth 1895 - 1939 ........................................................ 112 The Jewish Lads’ Brigade..................................................................................... 114 2 Anne Holdorph Background and Ethos ...................................................................................... 115 Religious Activities ........................................................................................... 120 Summer Camps ................................................................................................. 129 The Chaplain ..................................................................................................... 137 JLB Conclusion ................................................................................................. 142 Jewish Scout and Guide Groups. .......................................................................... 143 Background and Ethos ...................................................................................... 145 Religious Activities ........................................................................................... 150 Summer Camps ................................................................................................. 163 The Council of Jewish Scouters and the Association for Jewish Girl Guides .. 166 Scout and Guide Conclusion ............................................................................. 170 Habonim ............................................................................................................... 171 Uniformed Religion? ............................................................................................ 181 Chapter Four – Liberal Jewish Clubs 1893-1939 .................................................................. 184 What is Liberal Judaism? ..................................................................................... 184 Montagu, Henriques and the Liberal Youth Clubs ........................................... 188 The West Central Jewish Girls Club .................................................................... 192 Background and Ethos ...................................................................................... 194 Religious Activities ........................................................................................... 196 Summer Holidays .............................................................................................. 202 West Central Girls’ Club Conclusion ............................................................... 205 Oxford and St George Jewish Youth Club ........................................................... 206 Background and Ethos ...................................................................................... 207 Religious Activities ........................................................................................... 211 Summer Camps ................................................................................................. 221 A Jewish Club?.................................................................................................. 228 Conclusion