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UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Nu m b e r 8907215 Biotechnology research in Nigeria: A socioeconomic analysis of the organization of agricultural research system’s response to biotechnology Duru, Godwin Chukwunenye, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by Duru, Godwin Chukwunenye. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN NIGERIA: A SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM'S RESPONSE TO BIOTECHNOLOGY DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Godwin Chukwunenye Duru, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved By Dr, Martin Kenney Dr. William Flinn I /<XAaW^~ V £ x i a -'vajMJ2-0 Adviser Dr. Donald Thomas Department of AgricultufU Economics and Rural Sociology Dr. Joseph Donnermeyer Copyright By Godwin Chukwunenye Duru 1988 To My Mother, The Only One Who Sincerely Loves Me, In Whom I Have Absolute Trust ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My very sincere gratitude goes to the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Martin Kenney who was my source of interest in bio­ technology's impact on the Third World and whose advice prevented me from falling by the road side; Dr. William Flinn whose advice kept me determined and hopeful; Dr. Donald Thomas and Dr. Joseph Donnermeyer who, in various ways, encouraged me, keeping my spirits high to the very end. These men have been very friendly and their understanding were the most important factors in my success. Very special thanks go to Mr. and Mrs. Hilary Obi who contributed in a major way to make it possible for me to come back to the United States to finish my program. In the same manner, I thank Mr. and Mrs. Theophilus Eze who made large contribution to my research funds. The moral encouragement I received from Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Duru and Dr. and Mrs. Maurice Iwunze were enough to move a mountain; and I am very appreciative. I am also grateful to Reverend Father Bernard Chukwunenye Nwodu who always prayed to God for my well-being. My gratitude to Karlene Robison is boundless for her kindness in under­ taking the production of this manuscript without economic motive. Karlene gave greater attention to this work than others whom I had paid substantially for previous drafts; I will always remember. And may God bless my mother who gave up what most mothers enjoy so that I could go to school. Above all, I am thankful to Our Lord, Jesus Christ in Heaven, who blessed me with good health and patience in my determination to succeed vis-a-vis extreme financial difficulties. iii VITA December 26, 1950 Born, Alike-Umunumo, Mbano Imo State, Nigeria 1969 - 1970 Laboratory Assistant, Crops Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Enugu, Nigeria 1970 - 1975 Clerk: Wages, Compensations, Labor Disputes and Arbitration, Federal Ministry of Labour, Lagos, Nigeria 1978 B.A. - Economics University of Dallas, Irving, Texas 1982 M.A. - Economics Morgan State University, Baltimore Maryland Specializations: Budget Management, International Trade, and Economic Development FIELDS OF STUDY: Economics Agricultural Economics/Rural Sociology International Development TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION.............................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................ iii VITA ................................................... iv LIST OF T A B L E S ............................................. xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................... 1 RESEARCH PROCEDURE ................................ 5 Introduction ...................................... 5 Objective ........................................ 8 Hypothesis........................................ 11 Significance.................... 12 Research Method .................................. 12 Respondents...................................... 13 Secondary D a t a .................................... 14 Measuring Dependence .............................. 14 II. THE THEORY OF DEPENDENCY.......................... 16 IMPERIALISM...................................... 16 The Causes of Imperialism......................... 16 The Effects of Imperialism......................... 18 THE EMERGENCE OF THE THEORY OF DEPENDENCY......... 20 Dependency, Dependence and Underdevelopment ....... 20 Underdevelopment .................................. 24 The Historical Development of Dependency ........... 27 Situations of Dependency ........................... 33 International Economic Inequality ................. 35 Financial Dependence .............................. 36 Technological Dependence ........................... 38 Factors Promoting Technological Dependence ......... 40 Reducing Technological Dependence . ............. 43 Conditions for Local Technical Capacity ........... 45 Other Thoughts About Dependency ................... 51 v THE SOCIAL ELEMENT OF DEPENDENCY ................... 54 The Nature of C l a s s .............................. 55 Neo-Colonial Class Formation ....................... 57 External-Internal Social Structures as a Means of Control.......................... 57 Colonial Class Formation in Nigeria ............... 59 THE TRIANGULAR RELATIONSHIP ....................... 61 The Foreign Bourgeoisie .......................... 61 The Development of a Comprador State............... 62 Technocrats...................................... 64 The Comprador Function of the S t a t e ............... 66 Importance of Dependency to the Research Problem .............................. 66 III. OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA'S AGRO-ECONOMIC STATUS ......... 68 Introduction ...................................... 68 Socioeconomic Indicators and International Trade . 68 PROFILE .......................................... 71 The Government.................................... 71 The People........................................ 71 Climate and Vegetation ............................ 72 Education........................................ 73 Policy for Science and Technology Development .... 74 Economic Resources ................................ 76 THE NIGERIAN AGRO-ECONOMIC POLICY ................. 77 Pre-Independence Policy ........................... 77 Post-Independence Policy ........................... 79 Underdevelopment of Nigerian Agriculture ........... 83 NIGERIAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND ITS PROBLEMS.................................. 84 The System........................................ 84 THE STAGNATION OF NIGERIAN AGRICULTURE ............. 87 Basic Factors of the Stagnation................... 87 Consequences ...................................... 90 Attempts to Reverse the Situation ................. 93 IV. SELF-RELIANCE AND THE NEED FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN A DEPENDENT STATE.............................. 96 Introduction ...................................... 96 vi SELF-RELIANT STRATEGY ............................ 97 Implications of Self-Reliance ..................... 98 National Calls for Self-Reliance ................... 102 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER .............................. 104 Importance of Modern Technology ................... 104 The Problem of Technology Transfer ................. 104 THE GREEN REVOLUTION .............................. 108 H i s t o r y .......................................... 108 What is the Green Revolution....................... 109 Objective........................................ 110 Genetic Attributes of the H Y V s ..................... Ill Diffusion and Impacts ............................ 112 International Results of the Green Revolution .... 113 BIOTECHNOLOGY: A POSSIBLE MEANS OF NATIONAL SELF-RELIANCE ............................ 118 Definition of Biotechnology ....................... 119 Agro-Economic Potentials of Biotechnology ......... 120 Expert Statements ................... 125 Social, Political