Kolhapur Municipal Corporation ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS REPORT 2015-16 Final Report Environmental Status Report of Kolhapur City 2015-16 © The Energy and Resources Institute 2016 For more information T E R I Western Regional Centre, Mumbai 318, Raheja Arcade Sector-11, CBD-Belapur Navi Mumbai- 400 614, India Tel: +91 Mumbai (0)22 27580021 or 40241615 Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Air & Noise Pollution ....................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Water Resource .................................................................................................. 4 1.1.3 Water Management........................................................................................... 6 1.1.4 Land resources ................................................................................................... 7 1.1.5 Solid Waste ......................................................................................................... 8 1.1.6 Health.................................................................................................................. 9 2 CITY PROFILE ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 History of Kolhapur ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Agriculture, Industries, Commercial Activities ......................................................... 10 2.3 Connectivity .................................................................................................................... 12 3 DRIVING FORCES .................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Population Growth ........................................................................................................ 14 3.1.1 Industrial and Commercial growth .............................................................. 15 3.1.2 Economic Growth ........................................................................................... 16 3.1.3 Educational Hub ............................................................................................. 17 3.2 Tourism & Pilgrimage ................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Mahalaxmi temple .......................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Panhala fort ...................................................................................................... 18 3.2.3 Jotiba temple .................................................................................................... 19 3.2.4 Radhanagri Wildlife Sanctuary (Dajipur) .................................................... 19 3.2.5 Kidrapur ........................................................................................................... 19 4 AIR QUALITY ......................................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Status – Monitoring Network & Air Quality ............................................................. 20 4.1.1 Air Quality Monitoring Network in Kolhapur City .................................. 20 4.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide .............................................................................................. 22 4.1.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).............................................................................. 23 4.1.4 Particulate Matter ............................................................................................ 24 4.1.5 Air Quality Index 2015–16 ............................................................................. 25 4.2 Noise Pollution ............................................................................................................... 26 4.2.1 Noise Pollution during Festivals................................................................... 26 4.3 Pressures .......................................................................................................................... 28 4.3.1 Vehicular Growth ............................................................................................ 28 4.3.2 Fuel Combustion - Transport sector ............................................................. 29 4.3.3 Dependency for domestic Fuel usage .......................................................... 30 4.3.4 Industrial units in and around Kolhapur city ............................................. 31 4.3.5 Burning of waste ............................................................................................. 31 4.3.6 Stone Quarrying and crushing activities ..................................................... 32 4.3.7 Construction activities .................................................................................... 33 4.4 Impact .............................................................................................................................. 34 4.4.1 Cases of Bronchitis in Kolhapur city ............................................................ 34 4.4.2 Cases of Asthma in Kolhapur city ................................................................ 35 4.5 Response .......................................................................................................................... 36 4.5.1 Traffic decongestion ........................................................................................ 36 4.5.2 Promotion of Public transport ....................................................................... 38 4.6 Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 39 4.6.1 Traffic Decongestion ....................................................................................... 39 4.6.2 Vigilance during construction activities ...................................................... 40 4.6.3 Stone quarry activities .................................................................................... 40 4.6.4 Road sweeping and washing ......................................................................... 41 i Environmental Status Report of Kolhapur city 2015-16 4.6.5 Commissioning new Monitoring sites ......................................................... 41 5 WATER RESOURCES .............................................................................................................. 42 5.1 Status – Surface Water ................................................................................................... 42 5.1.1 River .................................................................................................................. 42 5.1.2 Lakes ................................................................................................................. 45 5.1.3 Nallahs .............................................................................................................. 48 5.2 Pressure – Surface Water .............................................................................................. 49 5.2.1 Release of untreated sewage .......................................................................... 49 5.2.2 Leachate release/discharge ............................................................................ 49 5.2.3 Release of religious offerings ......................................................................... 50 5.2.4 Runoff from agricultural fields ..................................................................... 50 5.3 Impacts – Surface Water ................................................................................................ 51 5.3.1 Loss of aesthetic beauty .................................................................................. 51 5.3.2 Eutrophication ................................................................................................. 51 5.3.3 Weed Infestation ............................................................................................. 52 5.3.4 Loss of Biodiversity ......................................................................................... 52 5.4 Response – Surface Water ............................................................................................. 53 5.4.1 Changes in Drainage system ......................................................................... 53 5.4.2 Initiatives under NLCP (National Lake Conservation Plan) .................... 53 5.4.3 Initiatives to prevent organic pollution ....................................................... 54 5.4.4 Immersion or Idols .......................................................................................... 54 5.4.5 Awareness Drive ............................................................................................. 54 5.5 Status - Groundwater .................................................................................................... 55 5.5.1 Groundwater table .......................................................................................... 55 5.5.2 Groundwater Quality ..................................................................................... 56 5.6 Pressure & Impact .......................................................................................................... 57 5.6.1 Increasing Bore-wells .....................................................................................