Opinion VIEWPOINT The Revised Declaration of Geneva A Modern-Day Physician’s Pledge Ramin Walter A newly revised version of the Declaration of Geneva was Parsa-Parsi, MD, MPH adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) General World Medical Association Declaration of Geneva German Medical Assembly on October 14, 2017, in Chicago. Association, Berlin, The Physician’s Pledge Germany; and Chair of Adopted by the 2nd General Assembly of the the World Medical As the contemporary successor to the 2500-year-old World Medical Association, Geneva, Switzerland, Association Declaration Hippocratic Oath, the Declaration of Geneva, which September 1948 of Geneva Workgroup; was adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) and amended by the 22nd World Medical Assembly, member of the WMA 1 Sydney, Australia, August 1968 Medical Ethics at its second General Assembly in 1948, outlines in Committee; and concise terms the professional duties of physicians and and the 35th World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, member of the affirms the ethical principles of the global medical pro- October 1983 and the 46th WMA General Assembly, Stockholm, WMA Council. fession. The current version of the Declaration, which Sweden, September 1994 had to this point been amended only minimally in the and editorially revised by the 170th WMA Council nearly 70 years since its adoption, addresses a number Session, Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2005 of key ethical parameters relating to the patient- and the 173rd WMA Council Session, Supplemental Divonne-les-Bains, France, May 2006 content physician relationship, medical confidentiality, respect for teachers and colleagues, and other issues. A newly and the WMA General Assembly, Chicago, revised version adopted by the WMA General Assem- United States, October 2017 bly on October 14, 2017, includes several important AS A MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION: changes and additions (Supplement). I SOLEMNLY PLEDGE to dedicate my life It is standard practice for the WMA to circulate its to the service of humanity; policy papers for review every 10 years to reevaluate THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF MY PATIENT the accuracy, essentiality, and relevance of the docu- will be my first consideration; ments. The Declaration of Geneva is no exception. In I WILL RESPECT the autonomy and dignity 2016 (10 years following the most recent editorial revi- of my patient; sion of the Declaration), the WMA established an inter- I WILL MAINTAIN the utmost respect for human life; national workgroup to assess the Declaration of Gene- I WILL NOT PERMIT considerations of age, disease va’s content, structure, audience, and implementation or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, and to determine whether any amendments were nec- political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social essary. Given the crucial nature of this document, the standing, or any other factor to intervene between my duty and my patient; assigned workgroup charted a generous timeline of nearly 2 years to allow ample opportunity to gather I WILL RESPECT the secrets that are confided in me, even after the patient has died; feedback and suggestions not only from member national medical associations, but also from external I WILL PRACTISE my profession with conscience and dignity and in accordance with good experts. The goal in doing so was to ensure that the medical practice; revision was as transparent and collaborative an effort I WILL FOSTER the honour and noble traditions as possible. of the medical profession; Chaired by the German Medical Association and I WILL GIVE to my teachers, colleagues, and students composed of workgroup members of different cultural, the respect and gratitude that is their due; religious, and racial backgrounds, the workgroup I WILL SHARE my medical knowledge for the benefit tasked with determining the need for a revision care- of the patient and the advancement of healthcare; fully considered the Declaration in light of modern I WILL ATTEND TO my own health, well-being, developments in medicine and medical ethics, as well and abilities in order to provide care of the as in the context of other important WMA policies and highest standard; respected international literature. The workgroup also I WILL NOT USE my medical knowledge to violate based its recommendations on comments solicited human rights and civil liberties, even under threat; from WMA members on several occasions (most I MAKE THESE PROMISES solemnly, freely, recently in July and August 2017), as well as a 3-week Corresponding and upon my honour. public consultation carried out in May and June 2017, Author: Ramin Walter ©2017 World Medical Association Inc. All Rights Reserved. All during which the draft version of the revised Declara- Parsa-Parsi, MD, MPH, intellectual property rights in the Declaration of Geneva are German Medical tion was published on the WMA website and distrib- vested in the World Medical Association. Association, uted to an international network of experts and stake- Herbert-Lewin-Platz 1, 10623 Berlin, Germany holders for comment. Each comment received over the ([email protected]). course of the revision process was carefully reviewed jama.com (Reprinted) JAMA November 28, 2017 Volume 318, Number 20 1971 © 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: by a University Of New Mexico User on 02/01/2018 Opinion Viewpoint by workgroup members and considered for inclusion in the re- cians,theirhealth,andtheirabilitytoprovidecareofthehigheststan- vised draft. dard. In light of feedback received in the survey of WMA members, The most notable difference between the Declaration of along with the recommendations outlined in the recently adopted Geneva and other key ethical documents, such as the WMA’s Decla- WMA Statement on Physician Well-Being,4 workgroup members in- ration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving corporated the concept of physician well-being into the revised Human Subjects2 and the Declaration of Taipei on Ethical Consider- Declaration as follows: “I WILL ATTEND TO my own health, well- ations Regarding Health Databases and Biobanks,3 was determined being, and abilities in order to provide care of the highest stan- to be the lack of overt recognition of patient autonomy, despite ref- dard.” This clause reflects not only the humanity of physicians, but erences to the physician’s obligation to exercise respect, benefi- also the role physician self-care can play in improving patient care. cence, and medical confidentiality toward his or her patient(s). With regard to professional relationships, previous versions To address this difference, the workgroup, informed by other of the Declaration called for students to respect their teachers, but WMA members, ethical advisors, and other experts, recommended deviated from the Hippocratic Oath, which calls for mutual respect adding the following clause: “I WILL RESPECT the autonomy and between teachers and students. The workgroup agreed to inte- dignity of my patient.” In addition, to highlight the importance of grate this idea of reciprocity of respect and to add a reference to re- patient self-determination as one of the key cornerstones of medi- spect for colleagues—“I WILL GIVE to my teachers, colleagues, and cal ethics, the workgroup also recommended shifting all new students the respect and gratitude that is their due”—to replace the and existing paragraphs focused on patients’ rights to the begin- line “MY COLLEAGUES will be my sisters and brothers,” which has ning of the document, followed by clauses relating to other profes- been removed in the current draft because the tone was consid- sional obligations. ered outdated. To complement this principle, the workgroup also To more explicitly invoke the standards of ethical and profes- added a clause referring more explicitly to the obligation to teach sional conduct expected of physicians by their patients and peers, and forward knowledge to the next generation of physicians. the clause “I WILL PRACTISE my profession with conscience and dig- These and other editorial amendments, including the addition nity” was augmented to include the wording “and in accordance with of a subtitle identifying the Declaration as a “Physician’s Pledge,”have good medical practice.” enabled this pivotal document to more accurately reflect the chal- A reevaluation of how the professional obligations of physi- lenges and needs of the modern medical profession. It is the hope ciansarerepresentedintheDeclarationofGenevawouldnotbecom- of the World Medical Association that this thorough revision pro- plete without considering increasing workload, occupational stress, cess and follow-up advocacy efforts will lead to more widespread and the potential adverse effects these factors can have on physi- adoption of the Declaration of Geneva on a global scale. ARTICLE INFORMATION REFERENCES /policies-post/wma-declaration-of-taipei-on Published Online: October 14, 2017. 1. World Medical Association Declaration of -ethical-considerations-regarding-health doi:10.1001/jama.2017.16230 Geneva. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma -databases-and-biobanks/. Published October 2016. Accessed October 2, 2017. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: The author has -declaration-of-geneva/. Published May 2006. completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Accessed October 5, 2017. 4. World Medical Association Statement on Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and 2. World Medical Association. World Medical Physician Well-Being. https://www.wma.net