Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research at the National Institutes of Health Ingrid G. Farreras EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Caroline Hannaway EDITOR Victoria A. Harden EDITOR Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior Biomedical and Health Research Volume 62 Recently published in this series: Vol. 61. J.-F. Stoltz (Ed.), Mechanobiology: Cartilage and Chondrocyte - Volume 3 Vol. 60. J.-M. Graf von der Schulenburg and M. Blanke (Eds.), Rationing of Medical Services in Europe: An Empirical Study – A European Survey Vol. 59. M. Wolman and R. Manor, Doctors’ Errors and Mistakes of Medicine: Must Health Care Deteriorate? Vol. 58. S. Holm and M. Jonas (Eds.), Engaging the World: The Use of Empirical Research in Bioethics and the Regulation of Biotechnology Vol. 57. A. Nosikov and C. Gudex (Eds.), EUROHIS: Developing Common Instruments for Health Surveys Vol. 56. P. 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Parl, Estrogens, Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer Vol. 35. M. Schlaud (Ed.), Comparison and Harmonisation of Denominator Data for Primary Health Care Research in Countries of the European Community Vol. 34. G.J. Bellingan and G.J. Laurent (Eds.), Acute Lung Injury: From Inflammation to Repair Vol. 33. H.H. Goebel, S.E. Mole and B.D. Lake (Eds.), The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease) Vol. 32. B.J. Njio, B. Prahl-Andersen, G. ter Heege, A. Stenvik and R.S. Ireland (Eds.), Quality of Orthodontic Care – A Concept for Collaboration and Responsibilities Vol. 31. B.J. Njio, A. Stenvik, R.S. Ireland and B. Prahl-Andersen (Eds.), EURO-QUAL Vol. 30. J.-F. Stoltz, M. Singh and P. Riha, Hemorheology in Practice Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research at the National Institutes of Health Ingrid G. Farreras EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Caroline Hannaway EDITOR Victoria A. Harden EDITOR 2004 Amsterdam • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, D.C. iv ©2004, Ingrid G. Farreras and Caroline Hannaway All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 1-58603-471-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2004113434 Publisher IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam The Netherlands fax: +31 20 620 3419 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor in the UK and Ireland IOS Press/Lavis Marketing 73 Lime Walk Headington Oxford OX3 7AD England fax: +44 1865 750079 Distributor in the USA and Canada IOS Press, Inc. 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Fairfax, VA 22032 USA fax: +1 703 323 3668 e-mail: [email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS CONTENTS v Contents Directors’ Foreword ............................................................................ ix Thomas I. Insel Story C. Landis Historical Foreword .......................................................................... xiii Gerald N. Grob Preface ............................................................................................. xvii Contributors ..................................................................................... xxi Abbreviations ................................................................................. xxvii Part I: Historical Background Ingrid G. Farreras Establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health ........... 3 Establishment of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness ......................................................... 19 Joint NIMH-NINDB Intramural Basic Research Program ....... 33 NIMH Intramural Clinical Research Program .......................... 57 NINDB Intramural Clinical Research Program ........................ 65 Part II: Reviews of Research in the NIMH and the NINDB Laboratories and Branches Ingrid G. Farreras Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .............................................. 71 Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB ........................................... 75 vi CONTENTS Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH .......................... 77 Child Research Branch, NIMH ................................................ 81 Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH ............. 85 Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH ..................................... 89 Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ................................. 97 Medical Neurology Branch, NINDB ...................................... 101 Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences, NINDB ................. 105 Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB .................... 109 Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .................. 115 Ophthalmology Branch, NINDB ........................................... 121 Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH........................................... 125 Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH .............. 137 Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDB ...................................... 143 Part III: Scientists’ First-Person Accounts Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy in the Early Years of the NINDB Intramural Program ....................................... 151 Cosimo Ajmone-Marsan The Section on Aging of the Laboratory of Psychology in the NIMH During the 1950s ............................................ 169 James E. Birren The Early Years of the NIMH Intramural Clinical Research Program .................................................................. 183 Robert A. Cohen Psychopharmacology: Finding One’s Way................................... 201 Joel Elkes My Experiences as a Research Associate in Neurophysiology at the NIH (1958-1960)........................................................ 221 Sid Gilman Reflections from the Pool of Bethesda ........................................ 229 Lloyd Guth CONTENTS vii Adult Psychiatry Research at the NIMH in the 1950s ................ 245 David A. Hamburg Reflections on the Intramural Research Program of the NIMH in the 1950s .............................................................. 257 Melvin L. Kohn Psychopharmacology Research in the 1950s ............................... 267 Irwin J. Kopin A Forty-Year Journey .................................................................. 281 Guy McKhann The Onset of Developmental Neuroscience in Mammals ........... 287 Richard L. Sidman The 1950s Clinical Program at the NINDB ............................... 295 Donald B. Tower Epilogue: Bridge to the Present Story C. Landis ........................................................................... 301 Appendices A. NIMH and NINDB Intramural Research Program Organizational Chart, 1950s ............................................... 306 B. NIMH and NINDB Laboratory and Branch Members ....... 307 Adult Psychiatry Branch, NIMH .................................... 307 Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB ................................. 309 Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, NIMH ................ 309 Child Research Branch, NIMH ...................................... 310 Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center, NIMH... 311 Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH........................... 312 Electroencephalography Branch, NINDB ...................... 314 Medical Neurology Branch, NINDB .............................. 314 Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences, NINDB ......... 315 viii CONTENTS Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NIMH-NINDB............ 317 Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH-NINDB .......... 318 Ophthalmology Branch, NINDB ................................... 320 Laboratory of Psychology, NIMH .................................. 321 Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Studies, NIMH .....