Crime at Work Increasing the Risk for Offenders Volume II Edited by Martin Gill © Perpetuity Press Ltd 1998 Except chapter 12 by Sheridan Morris which is © Crown copyright 1997. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, the Home Office or any other government department. * All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Totten ham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 1998 by Perpetuity Press Ltd Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-899287-51-2 ISBN 978-0-230-37783-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230377837 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Contents Foreword 5 Acknowledgements 6 Contributors 7 1 Introduction 11 Martin Gill 2 Shrinkage Figures and Data Corruption: Lies, Damned Lies 25 and Statistics? Vicky Turbin 3 High Risk, Low Risk: The Use of Data in the Identification 35 of Potential Targets of Commercial Crime Offenders Kate Bowers and Alex Hirschfield 4 Commercial Crime, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: 51 A Study of Three Streets in Camden, North London Matt Hopkins and Nick Tilley 5 The Extent and Nature of Homicide and Non-fatal Workplace 65 Violence in the United States: Implications for Prevention and Security Bonnie S. Fisher, E. Lynn Jenkins and Nicolas Williams 6 In Defence of Farms: An Agrarian Crime Prevention Audit 83 in Rutland Gavin Sugden 7 Sales and Security: Striking the Balance 95 Adrian Beck and Andrew Willis 8 Consumers' Perceptions of Shoplifting and Shoplifting Behaviour 107 Michele Tonglet 9 A Breach of Trust: Employee Collusion and Theft 123 from Major Retailers Joshua Barnfield 10 Repeat Robbers: Are They Different? 143 Martin Gill and Ken Pease 11 The Craft of the Long-Firm Fraudster: Criminal Skills 155 and Commercial Responses Michael Levi 12 Drugs and Doors: Improving Door Security and Tackling 169 Drug Dealing in Clubs and Pubs Sheridan Morris 13 Bad Goods: Product Counterfeiting and Enforcement Strategies 185 Jon Vagg and Justine Harris 14 Why Some Organisations Prefer Contract 201 to In-house Security Staff Mark Button and Bruce George Index 215 Foreword We take great pleasure in being associated with this second volume of Crime at Work. Dr Martin Gill is to be congratulated in bringing together such a distinguished group of authors who have produced what we at Reliance consider to be a unique work of practical value and relevance in countering the threats faced by businesses today. This second volume builds impressively on the pioneering of the earlier work and provides a unique and original body of knowledge on some areas of crime which have been shrouded in darkness. Business Crime is poorly researched and there is an understandable reluctance for indi­ vidual businesses to publicise their losses, yet crime against businesses costs well over £5 billion a year and some estimates put it at over£ 10 billion - equivalent to 6p on everyone's income tax or more than a quarter of the budget of the Health Service. A recent survey in the Midlands from the leading crime prevention charity Crime Concern showed 75% of businesses surveyed had experienced crime in the year under review. It showed the risks are much higher for businesses than for individuals or their households. Crime can affect the very survival of business, whether through a single act such as product contamination in the food or drugs industry, or through an accumulation of smaller thefts, frauds and acts of criminal damage. The latest volume is published at what may prove to be an historic moment. The new Crime and Disorder Act makes a profound change in government strategy towards crime. The partnership approach envisaged which broadens responsibility for combating crime promises to give life to a powerful new era of partnership between all those in our society who can make life for criminals less tenable. Martin Gill in his subtitle for this volume, 'increasing the risk for offenders', surely exhibits great prescience. Ken Allison Managing Director Reliance Security Services Ltd 5 Acknowledgements I am grateful to a wide range of people who have both encouraged a follow-up book, and helped to make it possible. To my colleagues at the Scarman Centre, and my students on taught and distance learning programmes who have made me think through my ideas and then rethink them again, I owe a big debt. I would like to thank all the authors for their help, I must be one of the few editors who can say that all the papers arrived before the final deadline, none were late. This helped my task enormously, and that they all arrived in such a good state was satisfying and an encouragement to me. I am grateful to Reliance Security for sponsoring this book, Brian Kingham is an enthusiast and I appreciate his support and that of his staff. Finally, thanks to those at Perpetuity Press, to Neil Christie, and especially Sarah Hollyman who has been an excellent co-ordinator. And to Karen, we did it again! At least Emily and Karis were there to help this time, I think! 6 Contributors Professor Joshua Barnfield is Director of the Centre for Retail Research, Nottingham. He has published studies on the impact and costs of retail crime, electronic article surveillance, and civil recovery, in addition to making a long-term appraisal of the impact of information technology upon retail competitiveness. Adrian Beck is a lecturer in Security Management and Information Technology at the Scarman Centre for the Study of Public Order, University of Leicester and is Director of the MSc in Security Management and Information Technology. He has researched and published widely on different aspects of crime and its prevention in the retail sector. He has also studied the potential impact of a national identity card scheme on the relationship between the police and ethnic minority groups. He is currently working on a comparative analysis of gun control legislation in the European Union. He is co-author (with Andrew Willis) of Crime and Security: Managing the Risk to Safe Shopping, and assistant editor of the Security Journal. Kate Bowers is a research student at the University of Liverpool. Her research is sponsored by the Safer Merseyside Partnership; a nine-year initiative aimed at reducing crime and fear of crime on Merseyside. The aim of her thesis is to discover more about the manifestation of crimes against businesses. She is also involved with the implementation of the Partnership's Small Business Strategy. Mark Button graduated from the University of Exeter in 1991 with a degree in Politics. After spending a year working in the private security industry he returned to academia and obtained an MAin Industrial Relations at the University of Warwick. He then became a Research Assistant to Labour MP Bruce George and researched home affairs issues, specialising in the private security industry and the privatisation of criminal justice. In March 1997 he joined the Institute of Police and Criminological Studies at the University of Portsmouth as a lecturer. He has published widely on private policing issues and is in the final stages of completing a book on the private security industry with Bruce George. Bonnie S. Fisher is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Cincinnati. Her published research examines issues concerning college student victimisation, crimes against and within small businesses, and violence in the workplace. She is currently the principal investigator on two grants from the National Institute of Justice and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, examining the nature and extent of sexual victimisation among female college students and victimisation among female college students both on and off campus. Crime and Delinquency, Public Administration Review, and the ANNALS have published her most recent work. 7 Bruce George has been the Labour Member of Parliament for Walsall South since February 197 4 and is currently Chairman of the House of Commons Defence Committee. He has been campaigning for statutory regulation of the private security industry since 1977 and has introduced private member's bills in 1977, 1988, 1990, 1992 and 1994. He has written and lectured extensively on the private security industry and is in the final stages of completing a book on the private security industry with his former assistant, Mark Button. Dr Martin Gill is Deputy Director of the Scarman Centre at Leicester University and a Senior Lecturer in Crime and Security Management.