Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1993 Functional Morphology of the Lingual Apparatus of Sandgrouse (Aves: Pteroclidae). Werner Muller Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Muller, Werner, "Functional Morphology of the Lingual Apparatus of Sandgrouse (Aves: Pteroclidae)." (1993). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5661. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5661 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. 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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9419915 Functional morphology of the lingual apparatus of sandgrouse (Aves; Pteroclidae) Muller, Werner, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1993 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE LINGUAL APPARATUS OF SANDGROUSE (AVES; PTEROCLIDAE) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Zoology and Physiology by Werner Muller Vor-Diplom (B.S. equivalent), University of Konstanz, Germany, 1979 Diplom (M.S. equivalent) in Biology, University of Tubingen, Germany, 1986 December 1993 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people who helped me with this dissertation. I am grateful to Dr. J. V. Remsen for his unbending support in the final stages of this work. I also thank the other members of my committee for their support and their time in reviewing the dissertation: Drs. J. W. Fleeger, D. A. Good, D. J. Hillmann, D. A. Rossman, and H. Silverman. This study was begun while working under the supervision of Dr. D. G. Homberger. I learned much during that time and the dissertation benefitted from her expertise. Many good friends, some of them far away and by means of subspace-communication, contributed crucially to my emotional equilibrium. Specimens were received from the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa, and from the Museum of Natural Science, LSU. I am grateful to both institutions and their curators. Finally, I would like to thank my family. It is hard to imagine not having one like this. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................... V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................. viii ABSTRACT ............. XV 1. INTRODUCTION .......................... 1 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS .............................. 5 3. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTIONS .......................... 8 3.1. Description of Pterocles namaqua .............. 9 3.1.1. Skeletal elements ................... 9 3.1.1.1. Introduction .................. 9 3.1.1.2. Mandibula - mandible ........ 9 3.1.1.3. Apparatus hyobranchialis - hyoid apparatus .......................... 11 3.1.1.3.1. Os epibranchiale - epibranchial ... 11 3.1.1.3.2. Os ceratobranchiale - ceratobranchial ................ 11 3.1.1.3.3. Os basibranchiale rostrale et caudale - basibranchial .... 12 3.1.1.3.4. Os entoglossum - entoglossal ..... 14 3.1.1.4. Arthrologia of the Apparatus hyobranchialis .............. 16 3.1.1.4.1. Articulatio entoglosso - basibranchialis ............... 16 3.1.1.4.2. Articulatio ceratobasibranchialis . 17 3.1.1.4.3. Synchondrosis intracornualis ..... 18 3.1.2. Musculature ....... 18 3.1.2.1. Introduction .......................... 18 3.1.2.2. M. constrictor colli .................. 19 3.1.2.3. M. cucullaris ......................... 30 3.1.2.4. M. intermandibularis .................. 39 3.1.2.5. M . branchiomandibularis ............... 45 3.1.2.6. M. genioglossus ............... 53 3.1.2.7. M. serpihyoideus ...................... 56 3.1.2.8. M. stylohyoideus ................... 59 3.1.2.9. M. interceratobranchialis ........... 61 3.1.2.10. M. ceratoglossus ............... 64 3.1.2.11. M. hypoglossus obliquus .............. 66 3.1.2.12. M. hypoglossus rostralis ............. 69 3.1.2.13. M. cricohyoideus .................... 71 3.1.2.14. M. sternohyoideus .................... 74 3.1.2.15. M. tracheolateralis .................. 82 3.1.3. Salivary glands ........................... 83 3.1.3.1. Introduction .......................... 83 3.1.3.2. Gl. mandibularis rostralis ....... 85 3.1.3.3. Gl. mandibularis caudalis ............ 87 3.1.3.4. Gl. lingualis rostralis .............. 88 3.1.3.5. Gl. lingualis caudalis ............... 89 3.1.3.6. Gl. cricoarytenoidea ................. 90 3.1.4. Surface morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity ............................... 91 3.1.4.1. Palatum - palate ...................... 93 3.1.4.2. Lingua - tongue ....................... 96 3.1.4.2.1. Free part of the tongue .......... 96 3.1.4.2.2. Preglottal part of the tongue .... 100 3.1.4.3. Mons laryngealis - laryngeal mound .... 103 3.1.4.4. Floor of the mouth .................... 104 3.2. Short-description of Pterocles decoratus ...... 108 3.3. Short-description of Pterocles gutturalis .... 117 3.4. Synopsis of the functional interpretation of the lingual apparatus of sandgrouse ...... 125 4. COMPARISON TO OTHER SPECIES ....................... 127 5. DISCUSSION ........................................ 131 REFERENCES ........................................... 136 FIGURES .............................................. 147 VITA ................................... 213 iv LIST OF FIGURES page Fig. 1: Dorsal view of the head, neck, and cranial part of the pectoral region of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732)........................................ 147 Fig. 2: Lateral view of the head, neck, and cranial part of the pectoral region of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732) .................................... 149 Fig. 3: Ventral view of the head, neck, and cranial part of the pectoral region of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732).... 151 Fig. 4: Lateral view of the head and cranial part of the neck of Pterocles namacrua (TM 61732)..... 153 Fig. 5: Ventral view of the head and cranial part of the neck of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732)........ 155 Fig. 6: Dorsal view of the head and cranial part of the neck of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732) ...... 157 Fig. 7: Dorsal view of the caudal part of the neck and cranial part of the pectoral region of Pterocles namaqua (TM 61732)....... 159 Fig. 8: Lateral view of the caudal part of the neck and cranial part of the pectoral region of Pterocles namaqua (TM 61732) .............. 161 Fig. 9: Ventral view of the caudal part of the neck and cranial part of the pectoral region of Pterocles namaqua (TM 61732)..................... 163 Fig. 10: Lateral view of the head, neck, and cranial part of the pectoral region of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732)....................................... 165 Fig. 11: Ventral view of the head and cranial part of the neck of Pterocles namaqua (TM 61732)..... 167 Fig. 12: Lateral view of the head and cranial part of the neck of Pterocles namaqua (TM 61732)........ 169 Fig. 13: Dorsal view of the lingual apparatus and the floor of the mouth of Pterocles namaqua (TM 61732) after isolation from the mandible and head............................ 171 Fig. 14: Ventral view of the lingual apparatus and v the floor of the mouth of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732) after isolation from the mandible and head. .................................. ....... 173 Fig. 15: Ventral view of the lingual apparatus and the floor of the mouth of Pterocles namaoua (TM 61732) after isolation from the mandible and head..... ...................... ................. 175 Fig. 16: Ventral view of the lingual apparatus and the floor of the mouth of Pterocles namaqua (TM 61732) after isolation from the mandible and head...... ......................................