Chapter 8: The Birth and Development of Psychoanalysis PSK306-History of Psychology Assoc. Prof. Okan Cem Çırakoğlu [email protected] The Social and Scientific Landscape The general mode of thinking of the growing middle and upper-middle classes in Europe and North America during the close of the 19th century was that the world had reached its desired stability and that they lived in a new era of progress and innovation. The first fourteen years of the 20th century gradually changed these attitudes. • Early Globalization • Nationalism • Scientific Perplexity • Creative Perplexity • The War Sources of Psychoanalysis • Studies of unconscious processes • Studies of sexuality • Studies of psychological resistance • Theories of psychological energy Birth of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) probably did not anticipate that his theory and therapeutic method would become among the most influential and controversial in psychology’s history. The First Famous Case 1895 book: Studies on Hysteria As a careful guide, slowly the therapist takes three steps: (a) collecting the reported reflections, (b) analyzing them, and then (c) interpreting them to the patient. Understanding resistances by using the free associations (occurrences) method and focusing on catharsis. This was the method Freud began to call psychoanalysis. Development of Psychoanalysis 1899 book: Interpretation of Dreams • Wish Fulfillment • Repressed Desires 1905 book: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality • The Oedipus Complex • A Foundation for the libido theory Stages of Phobia Progress According to Freud Sigmund Freud: Advancing Psychoanalysis • In 1908 the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was formed. A similar group was created around the same time in Berlin • Freud’s first and only trip to the United States gave a significant boost to the psychoanalytic movement • The American Psychoanalytic Association appeared in 1911 • The London Psychoanalytic Society was established in 1913 Sigmund Freud: Advancing Psychoanalysis The Therapists’ Ethics and Psychoanalytic Tactics Compensation Movement The Professional Metapsychology The War Language of Attempted Reflections Psychoanalysis The Id, the Ego, and the Superego An individual’s psyche is made up of 3 levels: • The most primitive part of the personality is the id ▫ Contains inborn biological drivers ▫ Seeks immediate gratification of its impulses • Making compromises between the id and the environment is the ego ▫ Guided by the reality principle ▫ Not every feature of the ego is conscious • The moral guide with unconscious features is the superego ▫ This guide tells us what we should and should not do Psychoanalysis offered a range of theories about History Society Gender Religion Roles Politics Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis: Alfred Adler (1870–1937) Alfred Adler was Freud’s follower who later disagreed with his mentor and developed a new theory known as individual psychology. 1870-1937 Alfred Adler’s Views of Compensatory Behavior Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis: Alfred Adler “No experience is a cause of success or failure. We do not suffer from the shock of our experiences—so-called trauma—but we make out of them just what suits our purposes.” Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology Self-ideal People are motivated primarily by future expectations Striving toward superiority People strive for security, improvement and control Social interest A desire to be connected with other people Occupation, society and love Style of life (inferiority complex >setting a goal which involves compensation >striving toward superiority>social interest Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis: Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) Carl Jung was probably the most influential student and later critic of Freud’s views. Jung’s legacy is being constantly rediscovered and reevaluated in today’s psychology Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis: Carl Jung • Contradicting Freud, Jung proposed that dreams do not necessarily reflect unrealized wishes but rather mythological stories and images from the experiences of our ancestors. • There must be an impersonal layer in human psyche, different from the individual unconscious, which Jung called the collective unconscious. It is inherited and shared with other members of the species. Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis: Carl Jung • The content of the collective unconscious consists of archetypes, or images of the primordial (elemental, ancient) character. • In 1913, Jung began to use the term analytical psychology to distinguish his views from Freud’s ideas. • Therapy. In the world of rationality, individuals fail to recognize their archetypes. These unrecognized archetypes, however, may appear in the form of neurotic symptoms. What were the goals of Jungian therapy? The first goal of therapy was to teach patients how to learn their neurosis. Patients do not necessarily cure their own neurosis; exactly the opposite is true. Neurosis provides a cure to patients who acquire the skills to understand it. One of the differences between Freud and Jung is that the founder of psychoanalysis attempted to eliminate neuroses in his patients. Jung, conversely, attempted to help his patients come to terms with their neuroses. What were the goals of Jungian therapy? The second goal of Jungian therapy was balance restoration. Using the concept of energy conservation, Jung believed that the mental energy in us is limited, and if we pursue one activity, other activities receive less energy. The third goal was individuation. This is not pursuing tangible results, such as getting into graduate school. Individuation is the process of fulfilling an individual’s potential by integrating opposites into a harmonious whole, by getting away from the aimlessness of life (the condition most of his patients were suffering from, according to Jung). Psychopathology is disorganization. Sanity is harmony. Jung’s View of Psychotherapy Jung’s Function Types: The Extravert Thinking type Feeling type Sensation type Intuition type Reject everything Feelings are Lacks an intellectual Cares about based on feelings based on external potential and tries to relationships or irrational circumstances and find pleasure under among things and phenomena less on subjective any circumstances. tries to exploit including religious experiences. social situations. experiences. They tried to do The status, among Common among right things. They businessmen men. Jung are pleasure politicians but also considers Freud in seekers among women. this category. attempting to avoid unpleasant experiences. Common among women. Jung’s Function Types: The Introvert Thinking type Feeling type Sensation type Intuition type Less concerned Caring about Are guided less by Focus on the with new facts, personal the object then by background more concerned experience they fit the intensity of process of with new ideas. on the project subject experiences. consciousness. Follow their own themselves in They are thinking and unusual way. More dreamers, artists, ignore criticism. common among and creators. Jung Frequently are women and considers self in impractical. contemporary this category. artists. Working with Research Data: Freud’s Experience.