BMJ Case Rep: first published as 10.1136/bcr-2020-236786 on 7 September 2020. Downloaded from Unusual presentation of more common disease/injury Case report Left gonadal vein thrombosis in a patient with COVID-19- associated coagulopathy Maedeh Veyseh,1 Prateek Pophali,1 Apoorva Jayarangaiah,2 Abhishek Kumar2,3 1Medicine, Jacobi Medical SUMMARY CASE PRESENTATION Center, Bronx, New York, USA COVID-19 disease is a viral illness that predominantly A- 52- year old postmenopausal woman, with no 2 Hematology and Oncology, causes pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress known medical history, presented to our hospital Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, syndrome. The endothelial injury and hypercoagulability with sudden onset of severe sharp right upper quad- New York, USA rant abdominal pain for 2 days. She described the 3Hematology and Oncology, secondary to the inflammatory response predisposes Yeshiva University Albert severely ill patients to venous thromboembolism. The pain to be unrelated to food and not associated with Einstein College of Medicine, exact mechanism of hypercoagulability is still under any other gastrointestinal (GI)- related symptoms. Bronx, New York, USA investigation, but it is known to be associated with poor She denied recent fevers, cough or upper respi- prognosis. The most common thrombotic complication ratory tract infection symptoms. She was afebrile Correspondence to reported among these patients is pulmonary embolism. (temp 97.7°F), pulse rate 93 beats/min, respiratory Dr Abhishek Kumar; To our knowledge, gonadal vein thrombosis is an rate 22/min and oxygen saturation was 94% on kumara20@ nychhc. org 2 uncommon phenomenon that has not been reported room air, body mass index 29 kg/m . Her physical in the setting of COVID-19- associated coagulopathy. examination on admission was notable for shallow Accepted 24 August 2020 breathing, clear lungs and non-tender abdomen. We report an unusual case of ovarian vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19 presenting with abdominal pain. To our knowledge, INVESTIGATIONS this is the first reported case of COVID-19 with absent The labs were significant for increased inflamma- respiratory symptoms and presentation with venous tory markers, including ferritin (883 µg/L), C reac- thrombosis in an unusual location. tive protein (217 mg/L) and D-dimer was markedly elevated to 3813 ng/mL (table 1). Chest X- ray showed patchy peripheral densities seen in the upper lobe on the frontal view. On the BACKGROUND lateral view there were patchy infiltrates posteriorly Since the emergence of SARS-CoV -2 in December http://casereports.bmj.com/ in the lower lobes suggestive of COVID-19. 2019, the world has faced an unprecedented public CT of the abdomen/pelvis with contrast showed health crisis due to its high rate of transmission left OVT, which extended partially to the renal vein and the broad spectrum of the disease severity. The (figures 1 and 2). Additionally, there was a finding manifestation of the disease ranges from asymp- of pulmonary embolism in the posterior branch of tomatic carriers to severe acute respiratory distress pulmonary artery in the right lower lobe (RLL). syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation and Pulmonary windows of the CT confirmed presence intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The severe of bilateral lower lobe consolidations, ground- glass cases are more prone to arterial and venous throm- opacities in the right middle lobe and foci of consol- bosis. These thrombotic events have been related idation in the lingula suggestive of COVID-19 to poor prognosis and linked to unexpected cardiac pneumonia. Subsequent chest CT angiography on September 28, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. deaths.1 confirmed the presence of an acute RLL pulmonary The pathophysiology of thrombosis in COVID-19 artery thrombosis (figure 3). Deep vein thrombosis is hypothesised to be due to a hypercoagulable state (DVT) studies were negative for lower extremity from excessive inflammation, hypoxia, immobilisa- venous clots. tion and in severe cases of disseminated intravas- Nasopharyngeal swab confirmed the diagnosis cular coagulation.2 The most common location of of COVID-19. Echocardiography showed normal thrombosis is pulmonary arteries. Other reported biventricular systolic function in the absence of venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) include lower right heart strain. extremity thrombosis and catheter-associated 3 thrombi. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS © BMJ Publishing Group Ovarian vein thrombosis (OVT) is a rare and Limited 2020. No commercial To further investigate secondary causes of hyperco- potentially fatal condition of postpartum period, agulability, rheumatologic panel including antinu- re-use . See rights and 4 5 permissions. Published by BMJ. which can act as a source of pulmonary embolism. clear antibody–extractable nuclear antigen panel, Gonadal vein thrombosis has never been reported lupus anticoagulant, protein C, protein S and To cite: Veyseh M, Pophali P, during this pandemic as a result of COVID-19. Jayarangaiah A, et al. BMJ antithrombin III were tested and resulted nega- Case Rep 2020;13:e236786. We present a unique case which demonstrates left tive. Tumour markers, including carcinoembryonic doi:10.1136/bcr-2020- gonadal vein thrombosis secondary to COVID-19 antigen, carbohydrate antigen 9/19 and cancer 236786 as the first presenting sign. antigen-125 were negative and the initial CT scan Veyseh M, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2020;13:e236786. doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-236786 1 BMJ Case Rep: first published as 10.1136/bcr-2020-236786 on 7 September 2020. Downloaded from Unusual presentation of more common disease/injury Table 1 The patient’s laboratory findings on admission Labs On admission Normal range WBC 15.10 3.5–11x109/L Neutrophil count 12.72 1.7–9x109/L Lymphocyte count 1.39 1.2–3.5x109/L PLT 467 150–440x109/L PT 16.1 9.4–12.5 s PTT 27.9 25.1–36.5 s INR 1.4 0.8–1.1 ratio C reactive protein 217 0–5 mg/L Figure 2 Axial view of thrombosis in the left gonadal vein with Ferritin 719 12–150 µg/L extension to the left renal vein. LDH 386 100–210 U/L D- dimer 3813 0–230 ng/mL York report that the majority of patients present with fever, Fibrinogen 883 200–400 mg/dL cough, fatigue and GI symptoms.6 7 Nearly 20% of these patients INR, international normalised ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PLT, platelets; PT, present with severe coagulation abnormalities. But rarely, VTE prothrombin time; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; WBC, white blood cells. may be the initial presenting feature in patients with SARS- CoV-2 infection.8 Concomitant VTE, a potential cause of unexplained of chest/abdomen/pelvis was without any evidence of malig- deaths, has been frequently reported in COVID-19 cases.8 9 Our nancy. COVID-19 was deemed to be the provoking cause of the patient was distinctive in terms of presentation as she lacked the thrombosis. common respiratory symptoms, rather acute venous thrombosis in an unusual location prompted the diagnosis of COVID-19. TREATMENT Virchow’s triad defined as blood stasis, endothelial injury The patient was started on therapeutic low molecular weight and a hypercoagulable state leads to the pathogenesis of throm- heparin (enoxaparin) 1 mg/kg two times per day, which resulted bosis.10 Patients with COVID-19 usually present with dehydra- in significant improvement of the abdominal pain few hours tion and prolonged bed rest, which are risk factors for blood after the first dose. She remained afebrile, denied any cough or stasis.11 SARS- CoV-2 infects ACE 2 receptors, which is present shortness of breath, and oxygen saturation remained stable on on multiple organs, including the endothelial cells. In a recent room air. She was discharged after 3 days of hospitalisation on study on postmortem autopsies, there was evidence of endothe- apixaban 10 mg two times per day for a week, followed by 5 mg litis caused by either direct viral invasion of the endothelial cells two times per day for 3 months. or endothelial injury derived from the inflammatory response. This possibly explains why patients with endothelial dysfunction OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP due to pre-existing conditions are more prone to organ failure secondary to microthrombi and present with a more severe During follow-up after a month, the patient reported mild http://casereports.bmj.com/ 12 abdominal pain, but remained afebrile and without any respira- form of the illness. Also, the COVID-19 infection can cause tory symptoms. She denied any bleeding complication. A repeat a severe inflammatory response, which results in the release of CT of the abdomen and pelvis showed resolution of thrombosis. cytokines such as interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor- alpha. 13 D- dimer at the follow- up visit was 234 ng/mL. These cytokines stimulate the activation of the coagulation cascade and increase the risk of VTE.14 Other proposed patho- DISCUSSION physiology behind an increased propensity to thrombosis is the The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS- CoV-2 has finding of antiphospholipid antibodies, which can transiently arise in patients with critical illness and various infections and affected millions of people worldwide. While a majority of the 15 16 people affected by the virus remain asymptomatic, most patients potentially contribute to a hypercoagulable state. admitted to the hospital present with severe respiratory illness. Based on the available literature, most thrombotic events in on September 28, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. The most extensive published case series from China and New COVID-19, including pulmonary embolism or DVTs, develop in critically ill patients with severe pulmonary disease.2 17 18 Our case was unique as she had no respiratory symptoms and an otherwise uncomplicated clinical course; however, she still presented with a thrombotic complication in an unusual site. OVT is a rare entity that is most commonly seen in the postpartum period.