United States Department of Agriculture Pest Risk Assessment Forest Service of the Importation Into Forest Products Laboratory the United States of General Technical Report Unprocessed Logs and FPL−GTR−137 Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species From Australia P. (=Tryphocaria) solida, P. tricuspis; Scolecobrotus westwoodi; Abstract Tessaromma undatum; Zygocera canosa], ghost moths and carpen- The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unproc- terworms [Abantiades latipennis; Aenetus eximius, A. ligniveren, essed logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus amyg- A. paradiseus; Zelotypia stacyi; Endoxyla cinereus (=Xyleutes dalina, E. cloeziana, E. delegatensis, E. diversicolor, E. dunnii, boisduvali), Endoxyla spp. (=Xyleutes spp.)], true powderpost E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. pilularis, beetles (Lyctus brunneus, L. costatus, L. discedens, L. parallelocol- E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, E. viminalis, Corymbia calo- lis; Minthea rugicollis), false powderpost or auger beetles (Bo- phylla, C. citriodora, and C. maculata) from Australia into the strychopsis jesuita; Mesoxylion collaris; Sinoxylon anale; Xylion United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and conse- cylindricus; Xylobosca bispinosa; Xylodeleis obsipa, Xylopsocus quences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of gibbicollis; Xylothrips religiosus; Xylotillus lindi), dampwood concern. Twenty-two individual pest risk assessments were pre- termite (Porotermes adamsoni), giant termite (Mastotermes dar- pared, fifteen dealing with insects and seven with pathogens. The winiensis), drywood termites (Neotermes insularis; Kalotermes selected organisms were representative examples of insects and rufinotum, K. banksiae; Ceratokalotermes spoliator; Glyptotermes pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the tuberculatus; Bifiditermes condonensis; Cryptotermes primus, wood of eucalypts. C. brevis, C. domesticus, C. dudleyi, C. cynocephalus), subterra- nean termites (Schedorhinotermes intermedius intermedius, S. i. Among the insects and pathogens assessed for logs as the commod- actuosus, S. i. breinli, S. i. seclusus, S. reticulates; Heterotermes ity, high risk potentials were assigned to the following 14 organ- ferox, H. paradoxus; Coptotermes acinaciformis, C. frenchi, isms or groups of organisms: leaf beetles (Chrysophtharta and C. lacteus, C. raffrayi; Microcerotermes boreus, M. distinctus, Paropsis species, including C. agricola, C. bimaculata, P. atom- M. implicadus, M. nervosus, M. turneri; Nasutitermes exitiosis), aria, P charybdis, P. delittlei), ambrosia beetles and pinworms Botryosphaeria canker pathogen (Botryosphaeria ribis), Cry- (Austroplatypus incompertus; Platypus australis, P. subgranosus, phonectria eucalypti canker pathogen (Cryphonectria eucalypti), P. tuberculosus; Amasa truncatus; Ambrosiodmus compressus; stain and vascular wilt fungi [Ceratocystis eucalypti, C. monili- Xyleborus perforans; Xylosandrus solidus; Atractocerus crassicor- formis, C. moniliformopsis, Ophiostoma pluriannulatum (or closely nis, A. kreuslerae, Atractocerus sp.), round-headed wood borers related species), Ceratocystis spp., Ophiostoma spp.; Chalara spp., [Callidiopsis scutellaris; Coptocercus rubripes, Coptocercus sp.; Graphium spp., Leptographium lundbergii (anamorphic stages of Epithora dorsalis; Hesthesis cingulata; Macrones rufus; Ophiostomataceae)], and the root-, sapwood-, and heart- rot fungi Phlyctaenodes pustulosus; Phoracantha (=Tryphocaria) acantho- [Phellinus gilvus, P. noxius, P. rimosus, P. robustus, P. wahlbergii; cera, P. (=Tryphocaria) mastersi, P. odewahni, P. punctipennis, Inonotus albertinii, I. chondromyeluis, I. rheades; Hymenochaete sp.; Stereum hirsutum; Fistulina spiculifera; Ganoderma lucidum; Gymnopilus junonius (= G. spectabilus, = G. pampeanus); Ompha- lotus nidiformis; Perenniporia medulla-panis; Piptiporus aus- December 2003 traliensis, P. portentosus]. A moderate pest risk potential was Kliejunas, John T.; Burdsall, Harold H., Jr.; DeNitto, Gregg A.; Eglitis, assigned to four organisms or groups of organisms, including the Andris; Haugen, Dennis A.; Harverty, Michael I.; Micales, Jessie A.; Tkacz, gumleaf skeletonizer moth (Uraba lugens), foliar disease fungi Borys M.; Powell, Mark R. 2003. Pest risk assessment of the importation (Aulographina eucalypti, Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti, Cylindrocla- into the United States of unprocessed logs and chips of eighteen Eucalypt dium spp., Phaeophleospora spp., Mycosphaerella spp., Quam- Species from Australia. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-137. Madison, WI: U.S. balaria pitereka), Seiridium canker fungi (Seiridium eucalypti, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. S. papillatum), and the Armillaria root rot fungi (Armillaria fu- 206 p. mosa, A. hinnulea, A. luteobubalina, A. novae-zealandiae, A. A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the pallidula). When chips were considered as the commodity, the risk public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, potentials remained high for the true powderpost beetles, false Madison, WI 53726–2398. This publication is also available online at (auger) powderpost beetles, Cryphonectria eucalypti, the stain and www.fpl.fs.fed.us. Laboratory publications are sent to hundreds vascular wilt fungi, and the root-, sapwood-, and heart-rot fungi; of libraries in the United States and elsewhere. dropped from high to moderate for the ambrosia beetles and pin- The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the worms and for Botryosphaeria ribis; and dropped from high to low University of Wisconsin. for the leaf beetles, the round-headed wood borers, ghost moths and carpenterworms, the dampwood termite, the giant termite, drywood The use of trade or firm names is for information only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or termites, and subterranean termites. The risk potential for the service. Seiridium canker fungi remained at moderate, while the risk poten- tial for the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, the foliar disease fungi and The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina- the Armillaria root rot fungi dropped from moderate to low for the tion in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national chip commodity. For those organisms of concern that are associated origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) with logs and chips of Australian eucalypts, specific phytosanitary Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication measures may be required to ensure the quarantine safety of of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact proposed importations. the USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Keywords: pest risk assessment, Eucalyptus, Corymbia, eucalypt, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Wash- Australia, log importation, chip importation ington, DC 20250–9410, or call (202) 720–5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation Into the United States of Unprocessed Logs and Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species From Australia John T. Kliejunas Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Gregg A. DeNitto Andris Eglitis Dennis A. Haugen Michael I. Haverty Jessie A. Micales Borys M. Tkacz Mark R. Powell ii Contents Page Page Wood Import Pest Risk Assessment Chapter 4. Summary and Conclusions........................... 137 and Mitigation Evaluation Team..................................... iv Background ................................................................. 137 Acknowledgments............................................................... v Pest Risk Assessment .................................................. 137 Executive Summary .......................................................... vii Major Pests of Eucalypts on Imported Logs or Chips. 142 Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................................... 1 Eucalypt Logs as Commodity.................................. 142 Background ..................................................................... 1 Eucalypt Chips as Commodity................................. 143 Statement of Purpose....................................................... 1 Factors Influencing Risk Potential .............................. 143 Scope of Assessment....................................................... 1 Effects of Chipping on Insects and Pathogens ............ 144 Pest Risk Assessment Process......................................... 1 Conclusions ................................................................. 145 Outreach .......................................................................... 6 Chapter 5. Bibliography................................................. 147 Site Visits ........................................................................ 6 Appendix A—Team’s Site Visits to Australia................ 159 Resources at Risk ............................................................ 6 Canberra: September 12–15, 2001 .............................. 159 Chapter 2. Eucalypt Resources of Australia ...................... 9 New South Wales, Queensland: Eucalypt Taxonomy .......................................................