NASSS PORTLAND, OR 2014 PROGRAM ABSTRACTS NASSS Conference Abstracts – 2014 Adams, Mary Louise, Queen's University ([email protected]) Looking beyond participation: Notes on sport as a second wave feminist project The huge increase in the sport participation of women and girls over the past four decades is one of the more visible legacies of second wave feminism; it is a direct result of the efforts of feminist sport activists and of a social climate shaped by the feminist movement and other movements for social justice. This paper is based on a series of oral history interviews conducted with second wave feminists who took up sport as part of a larger project of women's liberation. The paper builds on existing literature about feminist sport activism (Birrell; Cahn; Hall; Lensky; Theberge) to address the plurality of feminists' visions for and understandings of sport as an embodied practice. The study attempts to look beyond efforts to increase participation opportunities “ as important as these were “ paying particular attention to the ways feminist politics were expressed through and understood in women's sport experiences. What did feminists think that sport could do for feminism? The paper provides the grounding for a broader investigation of the relationship between the feminist sport activism of the 1970s and 1980s and present- day women's sport. Adjepong, L. Anima, University of Texas at Austin ([email protected]) Reflecting reflexivity: How perceptions of researcher's perceived race, gender, and sexuality construct the in-depth interview The analytical distinction between categories such as gender, race, and sexuality is increasingly untenable within an intersectional framework. Furthermore, in conducting in-depth interviews, the researcher's implication in these categories construct the relationship between the respondent(s) and researcher(s) and consequently help construct the data derived from the interviews. This paper reflects on my interviews with fifteen women rugby players in an attempt to identify the im/possibility of excluding the researcher's biography when conducting qualitative research. The virgule in im/possible signifies how the researcher's biography is ever-present in qualitative research. Using vignettes from my interview journal, I deliberate on how my specific social location constructed these interviews and suggest that reflection on this construction is imperative in analysing qualitative interview data. Aicher, Thomas J., University of Cincinnati ([email protected]) and Trevor Bopp, University of Florida Racial and ethnic differences in perceived welcomeness and self-efficacy in sports participation Lapchick's (2012, 2013, 2014) research suggests sports have demonstrated an over-representation of African Americans in college and professional basketball and an under representation in Major League Baseball. Past research (Cordell et al., 2002; Philipp, 1998, 1999; Shinew et al., 2004) has indicated a correlation between race and perceived welcomeness in a variety of sport and leisure-based activities, which has been established over time through socialization and discrimination. Based on this research, we developed the following hypotheses: (a) Racial differences in perceived welcomeness in sports; (b) Racial differences in self-efficacy to participate in sports; and (c) Regional differences in perceived welcomeness and self-efficacy to participate in sport. Data will be collected via an online questionnaire to measure perceived welcomeness (Phillip, 1999) and self-efficacy (Moritz et al., 2000) at universities throughout the United States to attain a representation of the various cultural groups: the South East, North East, South West, Midwest, and West. Paired sample t-tests will be utilized to determine if differences in perceived welcomeness and self-efficacy was present among the three racial groups (White, African American and Hispanic), and a MANOVA will analyze regional differences. Results will be discussed during the presentation. Alipour Darvishi, Zahra, Islamic Azad University-Tehran North Branch ([email protected]) and Bahram Ghadimi, Islamic Azad University Cognitive mapping of women athletes' views for antecedents of key dysfunctional behaviors in sport scenes with the justice perception approach This paper argues that dysfunctional behaviors, herein defined as violating laws/rules, harmful behavior, irritability, aggression and dawdling) by female athletes' are more problematic and ambiguous than those of male athlete's in sport settings. Dysfunctional behaviors in sport settings refer to behaviors of a team member which contributes to team performance weakness and failure. This study investigated whether female athletes' perception of justice influences their dysfunctional behaviors. Athletes' justice perception has three components: (1) Distributive justice (2) Procedural justice, and (3) Interactional justice. The current research aimed to: (a) identify which behaviors of female athletes' are perceived as dysfunctional within team settings (b) demonstrate the influence of justice perception on female athletes' key dysfunctional behaviors, and (c) explore the role of team identification and conscientiousness in relation to justice perception and dysfunctional behaviors. The mental models of 30 Iranian women athletes who participated in the national competitions of basketball and soccer teams were collated and analyzed by applying developed cognitive mapping methods to reveal justice perceptions, team identification, conscientiousness and key dysfunctional behaviors in the context of sports. Cognitive mapping techniques are a subset of qualitative research methods aimed at providing a tool to reveal peoples' subjective beliefs in a meaningful way so that they can be examined not only by the individual for whom the map is constructed, but also by other individuals and groups. In order to improve team performance this paper concludes with some suggestions about not only general implications but also the special dimensions of dysfunctional behaviors of fema Allison, Rachel, Mississippi State University ([email protected]) "It Might be Too Strong a Word": Feminism and Empowerment in Women's Professional Soccer Observation, interview and media data from a 14-month ethnographic study of one U.S. women's professional soccer team show how team and league staff negotiate feminism in the work of building and selling women's soccer. Ubiquitously, an explicitly labelled feminist politic is rejected given fears that feminism is "too strong a word" and may alienate fans and investors. Instead, women's professional soccer organizes around the empowerment of girls and women through sport. For some staff, predominantly women, the term "empowerment" serves as a form of what Giffort (2011) calls "implicit feminism." That is, empowerment serves as a perceived socially accepted framing for feminist practices. In contrast, other staff, here predominantly men, understand empowerment as a positive emotional experience generated for girls and women with explicitly commercial aims. Here, empowerment can be bought and sold. I put these negotiations in conversation with Angela McRobbie's (2009) claim that feminism has been depoliticized through incorporation under the guise of commercialized empowerment rhetoric. Andrews, Vernon, San Jose State University ([email protected]) Fans, Rules, and Celebratory Expression Rules in the NCAA and NFL Previous research on celebratory behavior in sport has centered on sportsmanlike conduct, NFL and NCAA rules committees, and athletes views about rules about expression. This paper focuses attention on fans' opinions about the intersection of race and athlete celebratory expression. Over 300 student athletes and non-student athletes were surveyed and asked about the racial aspects of rule making in collegiate and professional football. One trend in the open-ended responses was that there was great variance in how black males and females and white males and females saw race as a key factor in rule making. Many other racial and ethnic groups are included in addition to athletes from over 12 different sports. Ariyo, Emma, University of Georgia ([email protected]), Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson, University of Georgia, and Kipchumba Chelimo Byron, University of Georgia Motor Car Racing in East Africa: Role and Impact of Safari Rally on Community Development There is also an increasing interest among scholars and government entities to bring people of different backgrounds together through sport activities. In recent decades global mega events have caught the attention of many nations because of revenue generation that helps revitalize communities to enhance social and economic development, and to bring people together. Several countries across the world have capitalized on these high prized sporting events. One high prized event is the East Africa Safari Rally. This rally is considered the world's toughest motor racing sport worldwide. From its inception in 1953, the East African Safari Rally attracted global participation and garnered local involvement. The purpose of this study was to examine the motor racing sport industry in East Africa in context of its history, role and impact on communities across the three nations“Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The sources of data for the study were derived from journal articles, magazines, newspapers and websites. The analysis of the data was completed through document analysis with the use of