TAXON: Eryngium foetidum L. SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Eryngium foetidum L. Family: Apiaceae Common Name(s): culantro Synonym(s): Eryngium antihystericum Rottler false coriander fitweed long coriander Mexican coriander sawtooth coriander shadow beni spiny coriander spiritweed stinkweed Assessor: No Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 30 Apr 2018 WRA Score: 15.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Biennial Herb, Spiny, Edible, Disturbance Weed, Shade-Tolerant Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic Creation Date: 30 Apr 2018 (Eryngium foetidum L.) Page 1 of 19 TAXON: Eryngium foetidum L. SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Creation Date: 30 Apr 2018 (Eryngium foetidum L.) Page 2 of 19 TAXON: Eryngium foetidum L. SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 30 Apr 2018 (Eryngium foetidum L.) Page 3 of 19 TAXON: Eryngium foetidum L. SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes "The indigenous people of Northeast India use the plant for food [7] some having domesticated the plant in their kitchen gardens and Paul, J. H., Seaforth, C. E., & Tikasingh, T. (2011). Eryngium orchards [8,9]." [Domestication in this sense appears to refer to foetidum L.: a review. Fitoterapia, 82(3), 302-308 cultivation, as there is no evidence that the plant has been selected for traits that substantially differ from wild plants] 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Northern America Mexico Southern America CARIBBEAN: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Trinidad and Tobago Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, [Accessed 29 Apr 2018] Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela BRAZIL: Brazil WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Peru" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 29 Apr 2018] Creation Date: 30 Apr 2018 (Eryngium foetidum L.) Page 4 of 19 TAXON: Eryngium foetidum L. SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Wu, Z. Y., P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong, eds. 2005. Flora of [Elevation range in China exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating China. Vol. 14 (Apiaceae through Ericaceae). Science environmental versatility] "Forests, stream banks, moist places, Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. roadsides; ϭϬϬʹϭϱϬϬm. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan" Louis Collected from 0 - 200 m 13°09'00"N, to 2300 m 17°05'05"S. Within Tropicos.org. 2018. Missouri Botanical Garden. native range, collected at elevation from sea level to over 2000 m, http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed 29 Apr 2018] demonstrating environmental versatility Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native Northern America Mexico Southern America CARIBBEAN: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Trinidad and Tobago Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, [Accessed 29 Apr 2018] Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela BRAZIL: Brazil WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Peru" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Eryngium foetidum Linnaeus (Confirmed) Imada, C.T., Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. Annotated Common Names: Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai͚i. Saw-leaf herb, Thorny-coriander; Chinese (Cantonese): Jia yuan qian; http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedp Laotian: Hom tay; Thai: Pak chi farang; Vietnamese: Cay ngo tan, Ngo lants/. [Accessed 29 Apr 2018] gai First Collected: 1946" "The plant is indigenous to Tropical America and the West Indies where it is used as medicine and food [1]. It has become naturalized and often is cultivated across South Asia, the Pacific islands, Tropical Paul, J. H., Seaforth, C. E., & Tikasingh, T. (2011). Eryngium Africa and the warmer southern parts of Europe ΀ϭʹϲ΁͘The foetidum L.: a review. Fitoterapia, 82(3), 302-308 indigenous people of Northeast India use the plant for food [7] some having domesticated the plant in their kitchen gardens and orchards [8,9]." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Creation Date: 30 Apr 2018 (Eryngium foetidum L.) Page 5 of 19 TAXON: Eryngium foetidum L. SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "Eryngium joetidum L., a perennial herb with flowers in bracted the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University heads and spinose leaves, is widely cultivated in Hawai'i and may be of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. naturalized near Kane'ohe, O'ahu." Wu, Z. Y., P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong, eds. 2005. Flora of "Forests, stream banks, moist places, roadsides; ϭϬϬʹϭϱϬϬm. China. Vol. 14 (Apiaceae through Ericaceae). Science Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan [native to Central America; Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. now a widespread weed in tropical and subtropical regions]." Louis "The plant is indigenous to Tropical America and the West Indies where it is used as medicine and food [1]. It has become naturalized and often is cultivated across South Asia, the Pacific islands, Tropical Paul, J. H., Seaforth, C. E., & Tikasingh, T. (2011). Eryngium Africa and the warmer southern parts of Europe ΀ϭʹϲ΁͘The foetidum L.: a review. Fitoterapia, 82(3), 302-308 indigenous people of Northeast India use the plant for food [7] some having domesticated the plant in their kitchen gardens and orchards [8,9]." Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2018. Flora of No recent records, despite mention in Wagner et al.