ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS BOREAS. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 32 Axel W. Persson after lunch in Labraunda, probably in 1950. Labraunda and Karia Proceedings of the International Symposium Commemorating Sixty Years of Swedish Archaeological Work in Labraunda The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities Stockholm, November 20-21, 2008 Edited by Lars Karlsson and Susanne Carlsson ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS BOREAS. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 32 Series editor: Gullög Nordquist Editors: Lars Karlsson and Susanne Carlsson Address: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Box 626, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden The English text was revised by Laura Wrang Abstract Lars Karlsson and Susanne Carlsson (eds.), Labraunda and Karia. Proceedings of the International Symposium Commemorating Sixty Years of Swedish Archaeological Work in Labraunda. The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities Stockholm, November 20-21, 2008. Boreas. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 32, Uppsala 2011. 475 pp., with ills., ISBN 978-91-554-7997-8 This volume contains the papers from a conference held in Stockholm in 2008 to commemorate sixty years of the Swedish Labraunda archaeological project. The book is divided in two main sections; the first contains thirteen papers discussing the sanctuary of Labraunda, while the nine papers in the second part deal with the surrounding landscape of Karia. Keywords: Labraunda, Karia, Ancient Turkey, Sacred Way, sanctuary, Greek inscriptions, fortress, architecture, Stadion, Hellenistic, Byzantine, Hekatomnid, archaeological excavations, Roman Jacket illustration: View of Labraunda in Late Antiquity by Jesper Blid 2010. Layout: Susanne Carlsson © Respective authors ISSN 0346-6442 ISBN 978-91-554-7997-8 Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, Västerås 2011 Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden www.uu.se; [email protected] Contents PART I – INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 7 Labraunda. The excavations and the symposium by Lars Karlsson .......... 9 Labraunda. The rediscovery by Pontus Hellström ................................... 19 PART II – PAPERS ON LABRAUNDA................................................. 49 The Sacred Way and the spring houses of Labraunda sanctuary by Abdulkadir Baran................................................................................ 51 Recent research on the churches of Labraunda by Jesper Blid ................ 99 I. Labraunda 62: text and context by Jesper Carlsen ............................ 109 Achaemenids in Labraunda. A case of imperial presence in a rural sanctuary in Karia by Anne Marie Carstens........................................... 121 Who’s who in Labraunda par Pierre Debord......................................... 133 Feasting at Labraunda and the chronology of the Andrones by Pontus Hellström............................................................................... 149 Hellenistic monumental tombs: the Π-shaped tomb from Labraunda and Karian parallels by Olivier Henry ................................. 159 The story of a tomb at Labraunda by Olivier Henry & Anne Ingvarsson-Sundström .................................. 177 The epigraphic tradition at Labraunda seen in the light of Labraunda inscription no. 134: a recent addition to the Olympichos file by Signe Isager....................................................................................... 199 The forts and fortifications of Labraunda by Lars Karlsson.................. 217 The coins from the excavations at Labraunda by Harald Nilsson ......... 253 The stadion at Labraunda by Paavo Roos .............................................. 257 Modules or measurements at Labraunda by Thomas Thieme................. 267 PART III – PAPERS ON KARIA.......................................................... 277 The Archaic architectural terracottas from Euromos and some cult signs by Suat Ateşlier ...................................................................... 279 L’agora di Iasos alla luce delle più recenti scoperte di Fede Berti......... 291 Day and night at Stratonikeia by Riet van Bremen................................. 307 The Chrysaoreis of Caria by Vincent Gabrielsen ...................................331 How unusual were Mausolus and the Hekatomnids? by Simon Hornblower.............................................................................355 The Ionian Renaissance and Alexandria seen from the perspective of a Karian-Ionian lewis hole by Poul Pedersen ....................................365 Il territorio di Iasos: nuove ricerche (2006-2008) di Raffaella Pierobon Benoit ..................................................................389 Halikarnassos during the Imperial period and Late Antiquity by Birte Poulsen......................................................................................425 Im Grab mit Aphrodite? Kleinskulpturen aus Mylasa und Stratonikeia von Frank Rumscheid .............................................................................445 PART IV – APPENDICES.....................................................................461 Appendix 1: Labraunda revisited by Kristian Jeppesen .........................463 Appendix 2: Labraunda bibliography 1948-2010 by Pontus Hellström 471 Fig. 1. Labraunda. View from a window in Andron A (photograph by P. Pedersen). The Ionian Renaissance and Alexandria seen from the perspective of a Karian-Ionian lewis hole by Poul Pedersen Abstract In the buildings of the Hekatomnids in Labraunda it is possible to study a number of the stylistic and technical characteristics of the architecture of the new, East Greek “Ionian Renaissance” of the Late Classical period. Very important among these features is a new kind of lifting device – a special Karian/Ionian lewis, which was apparently invented by the architects of the Ionian Renaissance and used exclusively by them and their workmen whether they worked in western Asia Minor or on the adjoining south-east Aegean islands or on the Greek mainland. It seems to have been widely used by these craftsmen from the first half of the 4th century to sometime in the early 2nd century BC. As this is evidenced by a large number of well-known buildings, it seems safe to see the Karian/Ionian lewis as a hallmark of the architecture of the “Ionian Renaissance”. But inevitably the question arises whether this Ionian Renaissance was restricted to architecture. Or are there indications that the architecture defined by the use of the Karian/Ionian lewis merely formed part of a general, cultural renaissance in the East Greek area in this period, comprising art, literature, philosophy and science? Was there in fact a much larger revival of the Archaic Ionian “enlightenment”? In this article it is suggested that there was, and that this broad, cultural Ionian Renaissance together with Classical Athens constituted the main source for the architects, artists and intellectuals of Ptolemaic Alexandria. Labraunda must be one of the most fascinating ancient sanctuaries in the Mediterranean area. It is situated in a romantic and wild mountain landscape with beautiful views down to the valley below and towards the plain of Mylasa. There is an abundance of clear, cool water issuing from the rocks, and fresh mountain air with wonderful scents of pine and wild flowers. The setting is well chosen for a sanctuary with solemn ceremonies and merry feasts with plenty of food and wine (Fig. 1). The buildings at Labraunda are designed to serve the functions of the sanctuary, not least to provide the architectural frame for the great religious banquets. At the same time the buildings and monuments at Labraunda are fascinating evidence of a very special period in ancient civilization: the time of the local aristocrat Hekatomnos and his five children, who all in turn came to act as Persian satraps. During a period of about 50 years until Alexander the Great turned up in 334 BC, the Hekatomnid family played a very significant role in the establishment of Poul Pedersen a new flourishing culture, not only in their own satrapy, Karia, but in all of western Asia Minor. Labraunda appears almost as a laboratory for the new architecture which started in this period (Figs. 2-3). There are experiments combining Ionic architecture with elements from the Doric order, perhaps illustrating the theoretical discussions of Ionic versus Doric mentioned by Vitruvius in his descriptions of Pytheos and Hermogenes. And in the Temple of Zeus a new Ionic capital was applied, created by the Hekatomnid architects and destined to have a very long history down into the Hellenistic period. The ancient East Greek tradition, however, is very much present as well. The column bases, for instance, have modernized proportions but are basically developed from the archaic tradition of the Ephesian architecture. And in the andrones the architects made experiments with updated versions of the anthemion-decorated capitals from the Polykrates’ Temple at Samos from the Late Archaic and Early Classical periods (Fig. 4). The architects who shaped this new Late Classical architecture almost certainly must have visited the famous Ionian sanctuaries of the Archaic period – in the same way as architects and artists like Brunelleschi and Donatello in the Italian Renaissance travelled to Rome and studied the monuments of Antiquity in order