For more information on adopting this SNEAK title for your course, please contact us at: PREVIEW [email protected] or 800-200-3908 Contemporary Perspectives on Ethnic Studies FIRST EDITION Contemporary Perspectives on Ethnic Studies A READER edited by Kebba Darboe and Wayne E. Allen Minnesota State University, Mankato SAN DIEGO Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Mieka Portier, Field Acquisitions Editor Tony Paese, Project Editor Casey Hands, Associate Production Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Alexa Lucido, Licensing Manager Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2020 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. 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Printed in the United States of America. 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 To: My widow Sandra, my son Kelefa, and my daughter Sia I proudly dedicate this book to the loving memory of my first cousin Professor Lamin Sanneh for his lifetime of teaching, research, and scholarship. He had the privilege of teaching at both Harvard (1981–1989) and Yale (1989–2019) Universities, two of the world’s bastions of intellect and rationality. He was loved by his aunts, especially my mother, who told us to consider him as our good role model. Dr. Sanneh was an intellectual giant, a great writer, and Gambia’s ambassador to the world. He had a good sense of humor, and I enjoyed every second of our long discussions on multiple topics. His life exemplified the classic lines of a scholar in Samuel Johnson’s History of Rasselas: Prince of Abyssinia (1887): “To talk in public, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries is the business of a scholar. He wanders about the world without pomp or terror …” We miss you, Mala. He died on January 6, 2019, and may he rest in peace! Dr. Kebba Darboe Professor, Minnesota State University—Mankato For Justine Mambo Allen, a loyal and loving daughter and sister, a true wife and friend, a great mother, aunty, and grandmother, and a dedicated daughter of God; and to everyone in our Mankon family in Bamenda, Cameroon, this book is in honor of you. Dr. Wayne E. Allen Professor, Minnesota State University—Mankato v CONTENTS Foreword: Cultural Diversity Becomes More Important xiii By Yueh-Ting Lee Introduction: Introductory Overview of Ethnic Studies xv By Kebba Darboe and Karamo Barrow CHAPTER 1 Historical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity 1 READING 1 Historical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity 3 By Kebba Darboe and Karamo Barrow READING 2 The Evolution and Consequences of Kelo v. City of New London 11 By Jeffrey D. Eicher, J.D., Jerry D. Belloit, and C. Frank Shepard, Jr., J.D. CHAPTER 2 Native Americans: Brief Historical Perspectives 23 READING 3 An Exemplary Program for Recruiting American Indian Students 25 By Mary C. Dowd, Ed.D., Megan R. Heutmaker, M.S. and Kelly S. Meier, Ed.D. READING 4 Native American Sovereignty and U.S. Citizenship 39 By Robert Keith Collins READING 5 American Indian Women in Higher Education: Navigating The Doctorate 47 By Mary Jo Tippeconnic Fox vii CHAPTER 3 African Americans: Brief Historical Perspectives 53 READING 6 Why Do You Call Yourself Black and African? 55 By Carina Ray READING 7 The Case of Affirmative Action Policy 59 By Michele S. Moses READING 8 The Politics of Gerrymandering: Overview of Supreme Court Precedent 75 By Congressional Digest, 20(8): 5–8. READING 9 Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness 81 By Devereaux Kennedy CHAPTER 4 Hispanics/Latinos: Brief Historical Perspectives 91 READING 10 The Hispanic Category and the Development of a New Identity Politics in America 93 By G. Cristina Mora CHAPTER 5 Arab and Muslim Americans: Brief Historical Perspectives 111 READING 11 Arabs and Muslims: Introduction 113 By Hamdi Elnuzahi viii READING 12 Muslim in America: A trip to two of the most Islamic cities in the U.S. 115 By Shikha Dalmia CHAPTER 6 Asian Americans: Brief Historical Perspectives 127 READING 13 Chinese Students and Critical Thinking in Education 129 By Lu Yan READING 14 Asian Americans and the Shifting Politics of Race: Asian Americans as Victim and Success Stories 139 By Rowena Robles CHAPTER 7 Social Movements: Brief Historical Perspectives 155 READING 15 The Origins and Causes of the Civil Rights Movement 157 By David Levering Lewis READING 16 Contributions of African American Women in the Modern Civil Rights Movement 169 By Bruce A. Glasrud and Merline Pitre READING 17 A League of American Citizens 181 By Craig A. Kaplowitz READING 18 The Movement For Native Lives: Native Americans are killed by police at a rate higher than any other group 207 By Stephanie Woodard ix READING 19 Coming Together: The Asian American Movement 219 By Yen Espiritu READING 20 The Current State of Same-Sex Marriage: An Analysis of the Federal and State Income Tax Consequences 251 By Alisha M. Harper and Elizabeth Breathitt READING 21 Black Lives Matter and the Struggle for Freedom 267 By Brian P. Jones READING 22 MeToo to #MeToo: What’s in the Name? 275 By Sherrise Truesdale-Moore READING 23 The Collective Power of #MeToo 281 By Sarah Jaffe READING 24 Black Women Say #MeToo: The #MeToo Movement Gives Women of Color a Space to Share Struggle 289 By Deborah Douglas CHAPTER 8 Migration/Immigration: A Case Study on the United States 291 READING 25 Theoretical Perspectives on Immigration 293 By Kebba Darboe READING 26 Key Findings About U.S. Immigrants: Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C. 299 By Gustavo López, Kristen Bialik and Jynnah Radford x READING 27 DACA has Shielded Nearly 790,000 Young Unauthorized Immigrants from Deportation 305 By Jens Manuel Krogstad READING 28 Zero Tolerance for Illegal Immigration: An Urgent Policy Need 307 By Donald Mann CHAPTER 9 Challenges of Multiculturalism VS. Pluralism 323 READING 29 Introduction: Assimilation 325 By Kebba Darboe READING 30 The Whiteness of America 331 By William Raspberry READING 31 American Multiculturalism VS. French Ethno-pluralism: The Debate over Arab and Muslim Assimilation 333 By Lanouar Ben Hafsa Author and Contributor Biographies 349 xi FOREWORD Cultural Diversity Becomes More Important By Yueh-Ting Lee Southern Illinois University, Carbondale am so honored and privileged to be invited to write this preface for this very important anthology by Drs. Kebba Darboe and Wayne Allen that I cannot help sharing a compelling storyI with all readers. That is, in 2000, I was hired as a chair of the Department of Ethnic Studies at Minnesota State University, Mankato. I had worked there for five years. Those were among the best days in my academic and administrative career. I was so proud of the colleagues, friends (including Dr. Allen and Dr. Darboe and many others), and students in the department that this initiative brings me back to what we worked on almost 18 years ago. For example, together we discussed and finalized the Department Mission Statement in fall 2000 as follows: The Department of Ethnic Studies, an interdisciplinary program, is academically committed to promoting multicultural and ethnic knowledge and values both within and outside the United States and to preparing our students for effective functioning across the culturally diverse and global community. During those years, we updated undergraduate curricula and developed two graduate programs collaboratively—an MS in multicultural and ethnic studies program and an online cultural diversity certificate program. These two programs are still very successful. I am even more proud of the department that has been flourishing since I moved to Minot State University in North Dakota in 2005, to the University of Toledo in Ohio in 2007, and then to Southern Illinois University Carbondale in 2015 as a professor and an administrator. Cultural diversity and inclusive excellence (e.g., ethnic studies) are near and dear to my heart as a teacher, researcher and an administrator. Today we face more opportunities and challenges when we teach or talk about cultural and ethnic diversity. In the United States, we will be either stronger together or may be weaker and more traumatized due to the current political environment. America’s culturally diverse groups or underserved groups are like endangered species due to the politically close-minded mentality in the nation. Violence, hatred, and hostility have increased every day since the 2016 election. xiii Ethnic studies programs also face both challenges and opportunities. Undoubtedly, ethnic studies, like America itself, is at a crossroads. Thus Dr. Kebba and Dr. Allen’s book is very important and timely. This anthology covers a wide range of topics which provides an extraordinary range of knowledge, theories, and research findings for our students, scholars, and researchers, and other readers in and outside the academic area. It includes diverse issues related to Native Americans (or American Indians), African Americans, Latino/a and Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Muslim/Arabic Americans, immigrants and other people of multicultural and diverse groups. This volume offers both historical perspectives and current or contemporary topics that are central and critical to all readers. I really enjoy reading it and highly recommend it to all students, colleagues, and friends.