Gulf of Mexico Science Volume 27 Article 4 Number 1 Number 1 2009 Age, Growth, Mortality, and Reproduction of Roughtongue Bass, Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Serranidae), in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Richard S. McBride Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Kenneth J. Sulak U.S. Geological Survey Paul E. Thurman Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Adam K. Richardson Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission DOI: 10.18785/goms.2701.04 Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/goms Recommended Citation McBride, R. S., K. J. Sulak, P. E. Thurman and A. K. Richardson. 2009. Age, Growth, Mortality, and Reproduction of Roughtongue Bass, Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Serranidae), in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 27 (1). Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol27/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf of Mexico Science by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. McBride et al.: Age, Growth, Mortality, and Reproduction of Roughtongue Bass, Pro Gulf of Mexico Science, 2009(1), pp. 30–38 Age, Growth, Mortality, and Reproduction of Roughtongue Bass, Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Serranidae), in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico RICHARD S. MCBRIDE,KENNETH J. SULAK,PAUL E. THURMAN, AND ADAM K. RICHARDSON The inaccessibility of outer continental shelf reefs has made it difficult to investigate the biology of Pronotogrammus martinicensis, a small sea bass known to be numerous and widely distributed in such habitat. This study takes advantage of a series of cruises in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico that collected 1,485 individuals. Fish were collected over or in the vicinity of reef habitats with hook and line, otter trawl, and rotenone. We present a preliminary validation of an otolith ageing method and report that P. martinicensis reached a maximum size of 143 mm standard length (SL), grew to about 50% of this size within their first year, and lived to a maximum age of 15 yr. Size at age data (n = 490) fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth model yielded the predictive [20.641{t20.646}] equation: SLt = 106.3(1 2 e ), where t = age in years. Gonad histology (n = 333) was examined to confirm that P. martinicensis is a protogynous, monandric hermaphrodite. We found no evidence of simultaneous hermaphroditism, which had been tentatively proposed in a previous study. Most P. martinicensis matured as females in their second year (age 1), primary oocytes developed asynchronously into secondary oocytes, and females were batch spawners. Males were postmaturational. Seminiferous tissue formed as early as age 1, but, although the rate of sex change is unknown, most fish did not function as a male until age 3 or age 4. These data provide age-based benchmarks of a common reef fish species living on the outer continental shelf of the tropical western North Atlantic Ocean. oughtongue bass, Pronotogrammus (Ho- males are secondary). Left unclear, however, was R lanthias) martinicensis (Guichenot), is a whether P. martinicensis is capable of simulta- widely distributed and numerically dominant neous egg and spermatozoa production, because species inhabiting outer continental shelf reefs Coleman (1981:893) refers to a specimen in (50 to 230 m) of the Gulf of Mexico, western which ‘‘both spermatogenesis and oogenesis North Atlantic Ocean, and Caribbean Sea appear to be occurring simultaneously.’’ There [Bullock and Smith, 1991 (and references are, however, several steps in the process of therein); Koenig et al., 2000]. It is an important gametogenesis, and Coleman’s singular observa- trophic link between secondary production and tion did not directly state that this individual secondary consumers, feeding on small zoo- appeared capable of functioning as a male and plankton and preyed upon by fishery species female at the same time. such as red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and This study characterizes the life history of P. larger grouper species (Serranidae) (Bullock martinicensis from material collected in the and Smith, 1991). Pronotogrammus martinicensis drowned reef zone of the northeastern Gulf of is also part of a small marine ornamental fishery Mexico. Size and sex data are compared with because it is brightly colored and valuable to data from Coleman (1981), and the age data, aquarium hobbyists (C. Cole, Chris’s Marine, which are new for this species, are used to LLC, pers. comm.; F. Young, Dynasty Marine describe growth, longevity, and mortality. Associates, pers. comm.). Samples were collected during a series of Coleman (1981) reported that P. martinicensis cruises by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a protogynous hermaphrodite, on the basis of from 1997 to 2002. These cruises were designed evidence that females were smaller than males to develop a holistic understanding of shelf-edge and transitional individuals were intermediate in deep-reef communities that exist in areas of size. Although such size structure data can be ongoing or potential hydrocarbon exploration confounded by variable growth rates (Sadovy and and development (Weaver et al., 2002). In this Shapiro, 1987), Coleman (1981) also reported context, abundant and ubiquitous components that that all testes examined (n 5 54) showed of the fauna, such as P. martinicensis, may serve as evidence of an ‘‘ovarian’’ lumen, leaving little important indicators of the health, stability, and doubt that this species is monandric (i.e., all resilience to disturbance of shelf-edge reef E 2009 by the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 2009 1 Gulf of Mexico Science, Vol. 27 [2009], No. 1, Art. 4 MCBRIDE ET AL.—LIFE HISTORY OF ROUGHTONGUE BASS 31 communities. Therefore, the data in this study TABLE 1. The disposition of 1,485 roughtongue bass, establish a biological reference point for man- Pronotogrammus martinicensis, collected in the agement of this ecosystem as well. northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Year and month refer to cruise dates. The number of fish are tabulated as to whether only standard length (SL only, n 5 704), only MATERIALS AND METHODS SL and age (SL + age, n 5 448), only SL and sex (SL + USGS cruises sampled fish over and near reefs sex, n 5 291), or SL, age, and sex (All data, n 5 42) 5 about 50–200 m deep and within an area of the were determined. ND no cruise dates recorded for these fish. northeastern Gulf of Mexico bounded by lati- tudes 29u11.39 and 29u42.09N and longitudes Year Month SL only SL + age SL + sex All data 85u40.79and 88u20.39W. Most fish were collected by small unbaited rigs [i.e., SabikiE, PiscatoreE 1997 8 6 48 rigs, referred to herein as H & L (5 hook and 1998 8 17 line)] while anchored in association with reef 10 25 39 habitat at 12 different locations within this area. 1999 2 88 145 These rigs were dropped to the bottom with 545622 6 88 131 29 weights (6–16 ounces [170–455 g] depending on 2000 3 78 13 71 water current and depth) and fished vertically 95921 just off the substrate to imitate zooplankton. A 2001 5 231 34 29 25 variety of hook sizes (3, 4, 6, 8, 10) were used and 2002 8 4 3 42 17 all hook sizes collected P. martinicensis. Addition- ND ND 80 53 al fish were collected with a small-mesh (3.8-cm mesh body and a 0.6-cm mesh liner), 4.9-m semiballoon otter trawl, which was towed over single reader (AKR), and the the presence or soft substrates adjacent to these reefs. Finally, absence of an annulus on the margin was also collections were augmented using a remote- operated vehicle (ROV) equipped with a pump recorded. and suction tube (38.1-mm inner diameter) Periodicity of annulus formation was exam- filled with rotenone; the contents of the tube ined using two related analyses. In both cases, were released near the bottom and dead fish only otoliths with three or four completely were immediately vacuumed up and brought to formed annuli were used, so as to minimize the surface. age-specific results. First, those individuals with The disposition of these samples varied (Ta- an incomplete, opaque annulus on the otolith ble 1). Most fish were either frozen or fixed in edge were plotted, as a percentage of all 10% phosphate-buffered formalin while at sea. individuals examined, by sampling month. Sec- Frozen fish were measured to the nearest ond, the marginal increment (MI) distance was millimeter standard length (SL), weighed to plotted as an average value 6 95% confidence the nearest 0.01 g total body weight (BW), and limits (c.l.) by sampling month. For MI analysis, the sagittal otoliths were removed, cleaned, and MI 5 sectioned otolith radius–sectioned margin- stored dry in vials. Fixed fish were measured to al distance (SOR-SMD)/SOR, where SOR 5 the the nearest millimeter SL, weighed to the nearest distance from the otolith core to the outer edge 0.01 g BW and gonad weight (GW), and the along the transverse groove, and SMD 5 the gonad was removed, rinsed, and stored in 70% distance from the core to the middle of the last ethyl alcohol (EtOH). Fish from two cruises were complete annulus along the same axis. These processed directly, while at sea: measured to the measurements were determined to the nearest nearest millimeter SL, weighed to the nearest 1 g micrometer using a dissecting microscope BW, and both the gonads and otoliths were equipped with a video system and image analysis removed and processed (as above). A weight– software. These edge or MI values were not length relationship was fitted to the nonlinear available for all months, so demonstrating an model, BW 5 a 3 SLb, by least-squares regres- unambiguous annual pattern was not possible.