Master’s Thesis 2017 30 ECTS The Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management Survey of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems in Kristiansand Municipality Norway: Pollutants Removal Performance and Solutions: Performance Analysis Based on Web- GIS Model Muhammad Abbas Master in Sustainable Sanitation, Health and Development DECLARATION: I, Muhammad Abbas, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigation and my own findings. All of sources other than my own knowledge have been acknowledged and a reference list has been attached at the end. This work has never been previously submitted to any other university for the award of any degree or diploma. Signature ________________________ Place and Date _____________________________ DEDICATION: This thesis submitted to fulfill the requirement for master degree in Sustainable Water Sanitation and Public Health from the department of Environmental Sciences (IMV, NMBU). I dedicate this work to my beloved family and especially to my sweet daughters Eishal and Aimen Abbas. God bless you for sacrificing to stay away during the days when I was working on my thesis. With the help of God and your constant encouragement to enable me to complete this task. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thanks to my main supervisor Prof. Petter D. Jenssen and co- supervisor Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey for their sympathetic attitude and guidance through my master program and now in this thesis. I would like to thanks to Marianne Bilksås and Alena Bohackova from Kristiansand municipality for their guidance and additional support during survey. Great thanks to survey team mates Ole Bendik Lilleby, Aleksandra Shelestina and Karoline Hildre Spilling for their hard work and great knowledge about on-site wastewater treatment systems. I would like to thanks to whole my family and especially my brother Muhammad Tanveer and his family to support me in each and every moment of my life. Finally thanks to all my friends living in Ås for nice social gathering and motivation to complete this thesis. Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Objectives................................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Scope of the Field Survey ......................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Short History of Research on On-Site Wastewater Disposal Systems in Norway............... 14 2.2 Wastewater Treatment in Norway .......................................................................................... 16 2.2 Centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems ......................................................................... 18 2.4 Decentralized wastewater treatment systems in Norway ...................................................... 20 2.4.1 Septic tank ............................................................................................................................ 22 2.4.2 Bio-Filter ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.4.3 Constructed Wetlands ......................................................................................................... 25 2.4.4 Soil Infiltration Systems ....................................................................................................... 26 2.4.5 Sand Filter ............................................................................................................................ 28 2.4.6 Holding Tank ........................................................................................................................ 30 2.4.7 Package Treatment Plants ................................................................................................... 31 2.4.8 Composting/dry Toilet ......................................................................................................... 36 2.5 Discussion (Centralized Vs Decentralized Treatment Systems) ............................................... 37 2.6 Summary of Literature Review ............................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 41 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1 Study Area ................................................................................................................................. 41 3.2 Information Collection Strategy .............................................................................................. 41 3.2.1 Pre and Post Survey’s Notification ....................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 Training prior to survey ........................................................................................................ 42 3.2.3 Vaccination ........................................................................................................................... 43 3.3 Information gathering and data registration in the municipal database system ................ 44 3.4 Recipient Water Sampling ....................................................................................................... 44 3.5 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 46 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Results of the Survey .......................................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Description of the Visited Treatment Plants .......................................................................... 48 4.1.1 Map of the visited onsite systems ....................................................................................... 48 4.1.2 Small onsite systems in Kristiansand Municipality .............................................................. 49 4.1.3 Pollutants Discharge to the Recipient .................................................................................. 50 4.1.4 Onsite system with Environmental Impact Assessment ...................................................... 52 4.2 The amount of pollutants removed by replacing the old system .......................................... 54 4.3 Pollution Reduction from ‘Low’ and ‘Medium’ Environmental Impact Indexes Category .......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 62 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 62 5.1 Pollutant’s impact on Topdalsfjord......................................................................................... 64 5.2 Upgradation of ‘Low’ and ‘Medium’ Environmental Impact Assessment Index Systems 66 5.3 Upgradation of ‘Medium’ Environmental Impact Assessment Index Systems: Package Treatment Plants ............................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 70 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 70 References:........................................................................................................................................... 73 List of Figures Figure 1 Areas in Norway Defined Sensitive and Less Sensitive by Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive ................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 2 Chemical-Biological Treatment Plant Configuration ............................................... 20 Figure 3 Number of Decentralized Treatment Systems (less than 50pe), by type of Treatment.