Summary of Information for the Consideration of Non- Detriment Findings for Scalloped, Great and Smooth Hammerhead and Giant and Reef Manta Rays Professor Colin Simpfendorfer and Dr Cassandra Rigby Centre for Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture & College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Queensland 4811 June 2016 Report to CITES Hammerhead and Manta Ray Information Page 1 Table of Contents 1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 6 2 Available Information on Management Context of Hammerheads and Manta Rays ...... 7 2.1 Global level information ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Reported global catch........................................................................................ 7 2.1.2 Species distribution ........................................................................................... 8 2.1.2.1 Scalloped Hammerhead ................................................................................ 8 2.1.2.2 Great Hammerhead ....................................................................................... 9 2.1.2.3 Smooth Hammerhead ................................................................................. 10 2.1.2.4 Giant Manta Ray .......................................................................................... 11 2.1.2.5 Reef Manta Ray ........................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Known stocks/populations .............................................................................. 12 2.1.3.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .............................................................................. 12 2.1.3.2 Great Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 13 2.1.3.3 Smooth Hammerhead ................................................................................. 13 2.1.3.4 Giant Manta Ray .......................................................................................... 14 2.1.3.5 Reef Manta Ray ........................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Main catching countries .................................................................................. 14 2.1.5 Main gear types ............................................................................................... 15 2.1.6 Global conservation status .............................................................................. 15 2.1.6.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .............................................................................. 15 2.1.6.2 Great Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 16 2.1.6.3 Smooth Hammerhead ................................................................................. 16 2.1.6.4 Giant Manta Ray .......................................................................................... 16 2.1.6.5 Reef Manta Ray ........................................................................................... 16 2.1.7 Multilateral Environmental Agreements ......................................................... 16 2.2 Stock/context-specific information for Hammerheads and Manta Rays ................ 18 2.2.1 Main management bodies ............................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Stock assessment ............................................................................................. 18 2.2.3 Cooperative management arrangements ....................................................... 19 2.2.4 Non-membership of RFBs ................................................................................ 20 2.2.5 Nature of harvest............................................................................................. 20 2.2.6 Fishery types .................................................................................................... 20 2.2.7 Management units .......................................................................................... 21 2.2.8 Products in trade ............................................................................................. 21 2.3 Data and Data Sharing of Hammerheads and Manta Rays ..................................... 21 2.3.1 Reported national catch(es) ............................................................................ 21 2.3.2 Are catch and trade data available from other States fishing these stocks? .. 22 2.3.3 Reported catches by other States ................................................................... 22 2.3.4 Catch trends and values .................................................................................. 30 2.3.5 Have RFBs and/or other States fishing this stock been consulted? ................ 30 3 Intrinsic Biological Vulnerability of Hammerheads and Manta Rays ............................. 31 3.1 Median age at maturity ........................................................................................... 31 3.1.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .................................................................................. 31 3.1.2 Great Hammerhead ......................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Smooth Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 32 Hammerhead and Manta Ray Information Page 2 3.1.4 Giant Manta Ray .............................................................................................. 32 3.1.5 Reef Manta Ray ............................................................................................... 32 3.2 Median size at maturity ........................................................................................... 32 3.2.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .................................................................................. 32 3.2.2 Great Hammerhead ......................................................................................... 33 3.2.3 Smooth Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 33 3.2.4 Giant Manta Ray .............................................................................................. 33 3.2.5 Reef Manta Ray ............................................................................................... 33 3.3 Maximum age/longevity in an unfished population ............................................... 33 3.3.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .................................................................................. 33 3.3.2 Great Hammerhead ......................................................................................... 33 3.3.3 Smooth Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 34 3.3.4 Giant Manta Ray .............................................................................................. 34 3.3.5 Reef Manta Ray ............................................................................................... 34 3.4 Maximum size .......................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .................................................................................. 34 3.4.2 Great Hammerhead ......................................................................................... 34 3.4.3 Smooth Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 34 3.4.4 Giant Manta Ray .............................................................................................. 35 3.4.5 Reef Manta Ray ............................................................................................... 35 3.5 Natural Mortality rate (M) ....................................................................................... 35 3.5.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .................................................................................. 35 3.5.2 Great Hammerhead ......................................................................................... 35 3.5.3 Smooth Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 35 3.5.4 Giant Manta Ray .............................................................................................. 35 3.5.5 Reef Manta Ray ............................................................................................... 35 3.6 Maximum annual pup production (per mature female) ......................................... 36 3.6.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .................................................................................. 36 3.6.2 Great Hammerhead ......................................................................................... 36 3.6.3 Smooth Hammerhead ..................................................................................... 36 3.6.4 Giant Manta Ray .............................................................................................. 36 3.6.5 Reef Manta Ray ............................................................................................... 36 3.7 Intrinsic rate of population increase (r) ................................................................... 37 3.7.1 Scalloped Hammerhead .................................................................................. 37 3.7.2 Great Hammerhead ......................................................................................... 37 3.7.3 Smooth