Civic Insecurity: Law, Order and HIV in Papua New Guinea EditEd by Vicki LukEr and SincLair dinnEn Civic Insecurity: Law, Order and HIV in Papua New Guinea EditEd by Vicki LukEr and SincLair dinnEn State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program Studies in State and Society in the Pacific, No. 6 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E PRESS E PRESS Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/civic_insecurity_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Civic insecurity : law, order and HIV in Papua New Guinea / edited by Vicki Luker and Sinclair Dinnen. ISBN: 9781921666605 (pbk.) 9781921666612 (eBook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: AIDS (Disease)--Papua New Guinea. AIDS (Disease)--Law and legislation--Papua New Guinea. AIDS (Disease)--Papua New Guinea--Prevention. HIV infections--Papua New Guinea. Law enforcement--Papua New Guinea. Crime--Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea--Social conditions. Papua New Guinea--Social life and customs. Papua New Guinea--Politics and government--1975- Other Authors/Contributors: Luker, Vicki. Dinnen, Sinclair. Dewey Number: 362.196979209953 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: Young boy at celebrations in Goroka for the 30th anniversary of Independence, 2005. Courtesy of photographer Kahunapule Michael Johnson, http://Kahunapule.org and http://worldoutreach.org Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2010 ANU E Press Contents Cover and Section illustrations . vii Figures, Maps and Tables . .. ix Glossary . xi Contributors . xiii Acknowledgements . xv Joan’s Story . .. xvii Introduction Introduction . 3 Vicki Luker 1 . Entwined Endemics: HIV and ‘Law and Order’ . 15 Vicki Luker and Sinclair Dinnen Masculinity, Violence and HIV 2 . Masculinity Matters: Men, Gender-Based Violence and the AIDS Epidemic in Papua New Guinea . 47 Richard Eves 3 . Teasing out the Tangle: Raskols, Young Men, Crime and HIV . 81 Vicki Luker with Michael Monsell-Davis Networking, Sex Working and the Law 4 . From Gift to Commodity . and Back Again: Form and Fluidity of Sexual Networking in Papua New Guinea . 119 Lawrence Hammar 5 . Decriminalisation of Prostitution in Papua New Guinea . 141 Karen Fletcher and Bomal Gonapa 6 . Sex Workers and Police in Port Moresby (1994–1998): Research and Intervention . 153 Carol Jenkins v Civic Insecurity Police, Prisons, Army and Mainstreaming HIV 7 . The Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary . 167 Abby McLeod and Martha Macintyre 8 . Prisons and HIV in Papua New Guinea . 179 Greg Law and Sinclair Dinnen 9 . HIV and the Papua New Guinea Defence Force: Risk Behaviours and Perceptions . 191 Joachim Pantumari, Peter Bamne and Vicki Luker 10 . Mainstreaming HIV and AIDS in the Law and Justice Sector . 203 Ian Patrick Governance, Rights and Security 11 . Witchcraft, Torture and HIV . 219 Nicole Haley 12 . Community-building and Security: Case Studies . 237 Sinclair Dinnen, John Cartwright, Madeleine Jenneker, Clifford Shearing, Isaac Wai, Paul Maia 13 . Re-thinking Human Rights and the HIV Epidemic: A Reflection on Power and Goodness . 265 Elizabeth Reid 14 . Enabling Environments: the Role of the Law . 275 Christine Stewart 15 . HIV and Security in Papua New Guinea: National and Human Insecurity . 287 Michael O’Keefe Conclusion: Civic Security . 303 Vicki Luker Epilogue: Ela’s Question . 317 Elizabeth Reid Index . 323 vi Cover and Section illustrations Cover: Young boy at celebrations in Goroka for the 30th anniversary of Independence, 2005. Courtesy of photographer Kahunapule Michael Johnson, http://Kahunapule.org and http://worldoutreach.org Introduction: ‘Lukautim yu yet long AIDS’: Mendi shopfront, Southern Highlands Province. Courtesy of photographer Richard Eves Masculinity, Violence and HIV: pen drawing, Chris Kauage. From the collection of Sinclair Dinnen Networking, Sex Working and the Law: ‘Haiwe’. From the collection of Richard Eves Police, Prisons, Army and Mainstreaming HIV: Prison inmates. Benjmain Lowy/ VII Network Governance, Rights and Security: Tari road scene, Southern Highlands Province. Courtesy of photographer, Murray Lord Conclusion and Epilogue: Child looks back. From Tari road scene, Southern Highlands Province. Courtesy of photographer, Murray Lord vii Figures, Maps and Tables Figures Figure 1: Poster featuring Brad Fittler. PNG National AIDS Council. From the collection of Richard Eves Figure 2: Poster featuring Mal Meninga, PNG National AIDS Council. From the collection of Richard Eves Figure 3: Portrait of Gaitzman, from Kips Kaboni (‘Red Devils’), Port Moresby, 2004. Courtesy of Stephen Dupont, www.stephendupont.com Figure 4: Portrait of Shookman, from Kips Kaboni (‘Red Devils’), Port Moresby, 2004. Courtesy of Stephen Dupont, www.stephendupont.com Figure 5: Portrait of Mania, from Kips Kaboni (‘Red Devils’), Port Moresy, 2004. Courtesy of Stephen Dupont, www.stephendupont.com Figure 6: Haphap Meri bilong PNG. By Maik Yomba Kagi, 2000. www.Pazifik- Infostelle.org Maps Map 1: Papua New Guinea. By Karina Pelling, Coombs Cartography, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Map 2: Papua New Guinea and the Region. By Karina Pelling, Coombs Cartography, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Map 3: Southern Highlands Province. By Karina Pelling, Coombs Cartography, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Graphs Graph 1: Proportion of all HIV and AIDS cases in different Pacific island countries and territories, 1984–2007. Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2009. Geneva: UNAIDS, 77 ix Glossary AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome BAHA Papua New Guinea Business Coalition against HIV and AIDS Bilum string bag Buai betel nut Buriburi magic by sorcery CBO Community-based organisation CS Correctional Services DoH Department of Health EU European Union HAMP Act The HIV/AIDS Management and Prevention Act of 2003 HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HR Human resources IMR Institute of Medical Research Kastom custom Kina unit of PNG currency: 1 kina = 100 toea Lain line Lainap Pack rape, group sex LRC Law Reform Commission Lukautim yu yet AIDS Protect yourself against AIDS Maket market NAC PNG National AIDS Council NACS PNG National AIDS Council Secretariat NGO Non-government organisation NHASP National HIV/AIDS Support Program Pamuk ‘Prostitute’ Pasindia meri ‘passenger women’ who exchange sex for money plet kaikai plate of take-away food PLHIV People living with HIV PLWHA People Living with HIV/AIDS PNGDF Papua New Guinea Defence Force PSP Poro Sapot Project (Save the Children) xi Civic Insecurity RPNGC Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Raskol ‘rascal’, lawless young man Rot meri woman of the streets rabisman ‘rubbish man’, worthless man sagapari ‘small mangrove garden’, around Daru also term with meaning similar to ‘tu kina bus’ STD Sexually transmitted disease STI Sexually transmitted infection SW sex worker Toea unit of PNG currency: 100 toea = 1 kina Tu kina bus Outdoor setting where sex can be purchased cheaply VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing Wantoks Kinsmen; people who speak the same language xii Contributors Peter Bamne—Director of Medical Services, Mt Hagen General Hospital, PO Box 36, Mt Hagen, WHP, Papua New Guinea John Cartwright—Consultant, Centre of Criminology, Law Faculty, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Republic of South Africa Sinclair Dinnen—Senior Fellow, State Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia Richard Eves—Research Fellow, State Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia Karen Fletcher—Health Protection and Prevention and Population Health, Department of Health, Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia Bomal Gonapa—Legal and Policy Adviser, Papua New Guinea National AIDS Council Secretariat, PO Box 1345, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea Nicole Haley—Convenor, State Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia Lawrence Hammar—Anthropologist and Social Researcher, engaged on ‘Positive Research for Positive People: strengthening HIV social research capacity in Fiji’, in tandem with Pacific Islands AIDS Foundation and the Fijian Positive Network Carol Jenkins—The late Carol Jenkins was an Anthropologist and Social Researcher, Director of Alternate Visions, Bangkok, Thailand Madeleine Jenneker—Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17 Bellville, Cape Town 7535, Republic of South Africa Greg Law—Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project, PO Box 1875, Port Moresby, NCD 121, Papua New Guinea Vicki Luker—Visiting Fellow, State Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, College of Asia and Pacific, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia xiii Civic Insecurity Martha Macintyre—Associate Professor and Honorary Senior Fellow, School of Philosophy, Anthropology and Social Inquiry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia Paul Maia—Chairman,