Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Early Theories of Memory Early Theories of Memory Rehearsal Stage or Multiprocess Theories Best described by Atkinson and Shiffrin Sensory Storage Sensation Attention STM LTM Psychology 390 Memory Retrieval Psychology of Learning Steven E. Meier, Ph.D. Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slides 1 Forgotten Forgotten 2 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Sensory Memory Iconic Memory In sensory memory, sensory Related to the visual system impressions are stored in a form similar Are visual images in the retina and the to the original sensation. brain. Lasts approximately .25 seconds. Several subgroups. Can last longer. Why? Processing in Bipolar, Ganglion, Amacrine, and Horizontal cells. 3 4 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Echoic Memory Short Term Memory Related to the auditory system • Two components Auditory sounds that last in the Cochlea • Events that just occurred are still in and Temporal Lobe. consciousness Lasts 2 seconds or less. • Are different from events that need to be brought back by recall from Long Can last longer. Term Memory. Why? Waves occurring in the cochlea 5 6 1 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Information in STM can do One of Three Things. 7 plus or minus two It can be rehearsed and remain in STM • Miller, • You can generally only store 7 plus or It is not rehearsed and is forgotten minus two items in short term memory. • Lasts a short period of time (10 – 20 It can go into the next stage (LTM) seconds). 7 8 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Major Implications for Test Taking. Long Term Memory • Cram, get test, start with question 1, • Is where information goes into the question 2 by the time you get to system and is retained question 3 which you had crammed for, the information is gone. • Duration - apparently forever • Solution. Write down stuff on the exam as soon as you get it. • Penfield Studies • Write the first item, then rehearse the list. • Then write the second item, rehearse the list. 9 10 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning How does Information get into Long Term Memory? Elaborative Rehearsal We use • Think of new information and relate it to information already stored in long term • Rehearsal memory. • Rehearsal holds information in STM long • Think of what things mean and how they enough for transfer to take place relate. • The better you organize the information, the easier it is to relate, and thus, store the information. 11 12 2 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Once Information is in Long Term Memory, How do we get it out? Retrieval Cues • Many theories • Are stimuli that open pathways to the • Retrieval cues memory. • Memory searches Many types of stimuli. • Words • Pictures • Sensations • Odors • Etc. 13 14 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Encoding Specificity Second Theory Memory Searches • The more specific the context where the • People engage in memory searches. item was learned is to where the item is • Two types of searches. to be recalled, the higher the probability of recall. Serial Searches Check one item, if no, go to the next The more similar the context of learning item. and recall, the better the learning. Parallel searches • Is like State Dependent Learning Compare many items at once. 15 16 Second Theory Memory Searches PsycIs 390it Here? – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Types of Long Term Memory No YES Do Something • Many types • Episodic Memories • Declarative Memory Is it Here? • Visual Memory • Procedural Memory No YES Do Something Is it Here? 17 18 3 Types of Long Term Memory Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Sensory Memory Episodic Memories • Is a memory for a specific event. Short Term Memory • What happened, where did it happen, etc. Long Term Memories Procedural Memory Declarative Memories Semantic Memory Episodic Memory 19 20 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Declarative Memory Major Components • Is memory for items of knowledge. • Semantic Memory • Is independent of the particular • Is memory for words, meanings of occasion in which one acquired them. words, and concepts • Is the sum of all acquired knowledge. • All works, symbols, facts of words, appearance of objects, principles, schemas, scripts. etc. we have. 21 22 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Strategies to use for Semantic Memory Visual Memory • Parallel searches • Eidetic (I de Tic) Imagery (photographic memory) • Network Models • Individuals can recall detailed images of visual scenes for long periods of time • Is very rare • 5% of kids • Less for adults • Kids rely more on imagery than adults 23 24 4 Psyc 390 – Psychology of Learning Procedural Memory • Memory for physical things • Riding a bike 25 5.