Advanced Praise for The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, Second Edition “If you are a serious user of UML, there is no other book quite like this one. I have been involved with the UML specification process for some time, but I still found myself learning things while reading through this book—especially on the changes and new capabilities that have come with UML 2.0. The intimate involvement of the author in the creation and continuing evolution of UML, and the encyclopedic scope of his book, make the work a unique contribution to the UML 2.0 literature, as the first edition was for UML 1.0.” —Ed Seidewitz, Chief Architect, InteliData Technologies Corporation “In addition to the documents of the OMG UML 2.0 Standard, this book is proba- bly the most important source for the Unified Modeling Language. It is a detailed reference, covering the mainstream ideas as well as the delicate niches of the lan- guage. The Dictionary of Terms offers precise, comprehensive and, perhaps most important, systematic information on all aspects of the UML2.0.” —Martin Gogolla, Professor for Computer Science, University of Bremen “Comprehensive and instructive, written by a person with the insights of not only the technical matters, but also the processes that led to the UML language and its version 2.0. This book should be a companion for every serious UML modeler.” —Øystein Haugen, Ericsson Representative in the OMG UML 2.0 Standardization, Associate Professor, University of Oslo “This book provides an authoritative and user-oriented account of UML 2.0.” —Dr. Robert France, Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University. “This is so far the most comprehensive book on UML 2.0. It gives you what the specification does not: real introductions to the various parts of UML, annotated examples, discussions on how to use the new features, and an insight into how and why the new features entered UML 2.0. As one of the persons who was involved in the making of UML 2.0, I can tell that the book is faithful to the specification and to the ideas behind the new features. Read this book instead or as a complement to the specification.” —Birger Møller-Pedersen, Professor, University of Oslo The Unified Modeling Language MU Reference Manual L Second Edition The Unified Modeling Language MU Reference Manual L Second Edition James Rumbaugh Ivar Jacobson Grady Booch Boston • San Francisco • New York • Toronto • Montreal London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unified Modeling Language, UML, and the UML cube logo are trademarks of the Object Management Group. Some material in this book is derived from the Object Management Group UML Specification documentation. Copyright © 2004 OMG. Used by permission of the Object Management Group. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases and special sales. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 [email protected] For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales (317) 581-3793 [email protected] Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: www.awprofessional.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rumbaugh, James. The unified modeling language reference manual / James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, Grady Booch.-- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 0-321-24562-8 1. Computer software--Development. 2. UML (Computer science) I. Jacobson, Ivar. II. Booch, Grady. III. Title. QA76.76.D47R86 2004 005.3--dc22 2004012580 Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Rights and Contracts Department 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 848-7047 ISBN 0-321-24562-8 Text printed on recycled paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRW—09 08 07 06 05 04 First printing, July 2004 For Madeline, Nick, and Alex —Jim Contents U ML Preface . xiii Part 1: Background Chapter 1: UML Overview . 3 Brief Summary of UML . .3 UML History . .4 Goals of UML . .10 Complexity of UML. .10 UML Assessment . .12 UML Concept Areas . .12 Chapter 2: The Nature and Purpose of Models . 15 What Is a Model?. .15 What Are Models For?. .15 Levels of Models . .17 What Is in a Model? . .19 What Does a Model Mean?. .21 Part 2: UML Concepts Chapter 3: UML Walkthrough . 25 UML Views . .25 Static View. .28 Design Views . .29 Use Case View . .34 State Machine View. .35 Activity View . .37 Interaction View . .37 Deployment View . .40 Model Management View. .42 Profiles . .43 ix x Contents Chapter 4: Static View. 47 Overview . 47 Classifier . 48 Relationships . 52 Association. 53 Generalization. 57 Realization . 61 Dependency . 62 Constraint . 65 Instance . 66 Chapter 5: Design View. 69 Overview . 69 Structured Classifier . .70 Collaboration . 71 Patterns . 73 Component . 73 Chapter 6: Use Case View . 77 Overview . 77 Actor . 77 Use Case . 78 Chapter 7: State Machine View . 81 Overview . 81 State Machine . ..