M GIS A Short Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information Presentation of the OpenStreetMap Project Sylvain Bouveret { LIG-STeamer / Universit´eGrenoble-Alpes Quatri`eme Ecole´ Th´ematique du GDR Magis. S`ete, September 29 { October 3, 2014 Sources I Part of the presentation dedicated to OSM inspired from: I An old joint presentation with N. Petersen and Ph. Genoud I Nicolas Moyroud: Several talks from 3rd MAGIS summer school 2012 Released under licence CC-BY-SA and downloadable here: http://libreavous.teledetection.fr. I Guillaume All`egre: Cartographie libre du monde: OpenStreetMap Released under licence CC-BY-SA. I Reference book about VGI [Sui et al., 2013] I Other references cited throughout the presentation Sui, D. Z., Elwood, S., and Goodchild, M., editors (2013). Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge: Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in Theory and Practice. Springer. ´ M GIS 2 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Outline 1. Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information 2. Presentation of the OpenStreetMap Project 3. Using OpenStreetMap Data 4. Using Volunteered Geographic Information ´ M GIS 3 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Outline 1. Introduction to to Volunteered Volunteered Geographic Geographic Information Information 2. Presentation of the OpenStreetMap Project 3. Using OpenStreetMap Data 4. Using Volunteered Geographic Information ´ M GIS 3 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Outline 1. Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information 2. Presentation of of the the OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap Project Project 3. Using OpenStreetMap Data 4. Using Volunteered Geographic Information ´ M GIS 3 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Outline 1. Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information 2. Presentation of the OpenStreetMap Project 3. Using OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap Data Data 4. Using Volunteered Geographic Information ´ M GIS 3 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Outline 1. Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information 2. Presentation of the OpenStreetMap Project 3. Using OpenStreetMap Data 4. Using Volunteered Volunteered Geographic Geographic Information Information ´ M GIS 3 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete First part 1 Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information Beyond traditional GIS A new trend Some examples Features of participative datasets Volunteered vs Contributed Open vs Closed Sensing vs Thinking Volunteered Geographic Information Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information Beyond traditional GIS A new trend Some examples Features of participative datasets Volunteered vs Contributed Open vs Closed Sensing vs Thinking Volunteered Geographic Information ´ M GIS 5 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete I 2004: Participative data, geographic crowdsourcing, volunteered geographic information, neogeographic datasets... A very brief history of GIS First users of GIS (at least in France): local authorities, department of defense I Early 90's: paper maps (unprecise, to be regularly updated...) I 1990 → 2010: Digital transposition of data I 2000: Integration to enterprise IS (first spatial extensions to Oracle and Postgres) I 2002: Geospatial webservers + OGC standards I 2005: Mobility ´ M GIS 6 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete A very brief history of GIS First users of GIS (at least in France): local authorities, department of defense I Early 90's: paper maps (unprecise, to be regularly updated...) I 1990 → 2010: Digital transposition of data I 2000: Integration to enterprise IS (first spatial extensions to Oracle and Postgres) I 2002: Geospatial webservers + OGC standards I 2005: Mobility I 2004: Participative data, geographic crowdsourcing, volunteered geographic information, neogeographic datasets... ´ M GIS 6 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete OpenStreetMap http://www.openstreetmap.org/ I Project started on 2004 I Open and collaborative geographical database of the world I Content generated by users (about 1.8M registered users) I Free license (initially CC-by-sa; ODbL since 2012) More about OpenStreetMap later ´ M GIS 7 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Wikimapia http://wikimapia.org/ I Project started on 2006 I Aims at \marking all geographical objects in the world and providing a useful description of them" I Mostly provides a way for users to give annotations about places in the world, (initially) using Google Maps as a base layer. I Free license since 2010 (CC-by-SA). ´ M GIS 8 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Google Map Maker http://www.google.com/mapmaker/ I Project started on 2008 I Equips Google Maps with a map edition interface I Every registered user can submit modifications I Modifications have to be approved before being published in Google Maps I Data released under proprietary license ´ M GIS 9 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Ushahidi http://www.ushahidi.com/ I Free Software and platform for crisis management I Crowdsourcing-based mapping I Focuses on information flow (smartphones, SMS,...) I Web platform Based on OpenStreetMap and Google Maps for Geocoding (source: Wikipedia). ´ M GIS 10 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux http://www.ornitho.fr/ I A network of\participatory science websites"dedicated to wildlife inventory I Anyone can participate by adding observations to the database I Requires some basic knowledge about different species I In general, no verification is made, except for outliers I Search engine and visualization tool (map) on the website ´ M GIS 11 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Other examples I Geolabeled Flickr Images ( http://www.flickr.com/ ) I Foursquare ( http://foursquare.com/ ) I UCrime ( http://ucrime.com/ ) I ... ´ M GIS 12 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Introduction to Volunteered Geographic Information Beyond traditional GIS A new trend Some examples Features of participative datasets Volunteered vs Contributed Open vs Closed Sensing vs Thinking Volunteered Geographic Information ´ M GIS 13 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Some strong common points... I Data contributed on a voluntary basis by users I Geospatial nature of data (or at list a part of it) ...But very different features as well: I Aims I Geospatial as a first-class citizen or not I Skills required I Process for quality assessment (data verification) I Data license Features All these applications are examples of geographical crowdsourcing approaches ´ M GIS 14 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Features All these applications are examples of geographical crowdsourcing approaches Some strong common points... I Data contributed on a voluntary basis by users I Geospatial nature of data (or at list a part of it) ...But very different features as well: I Aims I Geospatial as a first-class citizen or not I Skills required I Process for quality assessment (data verification) I Data license ´ M GIS 14 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete But... What about geolocalized data transmitted by a smartphone, (more or less) unbeknownst to its user? ; An example of crowdsourced geospatial data, assuredly not volunteered! To volunteer or to contribute? In all these examples, data is jointly produced by users volunteering to contribute (geographical crowdsourcing) ´ M GIS 15 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete ; An example of crowdsourced geospatial data, assuredly not volunteered! To volunteer or to contribute? In all these examples, data is jointly produced by users volunteering to contribute (geographical crowdsourcing) But... What about geolocalized data transmitted by a smartphone, (more or less) unbeknownst to its user? ´ M GIS 15 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete To volunteer or to contribute? In all these examples, data is jointly produced by users volunteering to contribute (geographical crowdsourcing) But... What about geolocalized data transmitted by a smartphone, (more or less) unbeknownst to its user? ; An example of crowdsourced geospatial data, assuredly not volunteered! ´ M GIS 15 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Opt-in vs opt-out Two approaches to crowdsourced geographic data [Harvey, 2013]: I Volunteered Geographic Information (opt-in): I Clarity about purposes I Control over data collection I Some guarantees about data reuse I Contributed Geographic Information (opt-out): I Unclear purposes I No (or little) control over data collection I No control over data reuse Harvey, F. (2013). To volunteer or to contribute locational information? Towards truth in labelling for crowdsourced geographic information. In Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge [...], chapter 3. Springer. ´ M GIS 16 / 107 GdR MAGIS { Ecole de G´eomatique 29 septembre au 3 octobre 2014 { S`ete Two antagonistic examples: I Google Map Maker: Google owns the data, releases it