Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Polychlorinated Biphenyls and trans-Nonachlor Data Report April 2004 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office (G-17J) 77 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604 EPA 905 R-01-011 Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Polychlorinated Biphenyls and trans-Nonachlor Data Report Prepared for: US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office 77 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604 Prepared by: Harry B. McCarty, Ph.D. Judy Schofield, Ken Miller, and Robert N. Brent, Ph.D. DynCorp – A CSC Company 6101 Stevenson Avenue Alexandria, Virginia 22304 and Patricia Van Hoof, Ph.D. and Brian Eadie, Ph.D. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2205 Commonwealth Boulevard Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 April 2004 Acknowledgments This report was prepared under the direction of Glenn Warren, Project Officer, and Louis Blume, Work Assignment Manager and Quality Assurance Program Manager, USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office. The report was prepared by Harry B. McCarty, Judy Schofield, Ken Miller, and Robert N. Brent, with DynCorp’s Science and Engineering Programs, and Patricia Van Hoof and Brian Eadie, with the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with significant contributions from the LMMB Principal Investigators for PCBs and trans-nonachlor and Molly Middlebrook of DynCorp. GLNPO thanks these investigators and their associates for their technical support in project development and implementation. Additional assistance and graphics for Chapter 5 were provided by Michael Mullin and Ronald Rossmann of the USEPA Large Lakes Research Station at Grosse Ile, Michigan. GLNPO thanks Bill Sukloff of Environment Canada and Syd Allan for use and implementation of the Research Data Management Quality System (RDMQ). GLNPO also thanks the following reviewers of the draft report for their comments and observations: Dr. Chris Collins, Imperial College, London, U.K., and Dr. Joseph K. Comeau, Alburg, VT. LMMB Principal Investigators for PCB and trans-Nonachlor Clyde Sweet (atmosphere) Eric Crecelius (open lake) Illinois State Water Survey Battelle Marine Science Laboratories 2204 Griffith Drive 1529 West Sequim Bay Road Champaign, IL 61820 Sequim, WA 98382 Ron Hites and Ilora Basu (atmosphere) Patricia Van Hoof and Brian Eadie (sediment) Indiana University Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 1005 East Tenth Street National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Bloomington, IN 47405 2205 Commonwealth Boulevard Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Steve Eisenreich (atmosphere) Deborah Swackhamer (lower pelagic food web) University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Gray Freshwater Biological Institute, and School of Public Health Rutgers University Box 807 Mayo New Brunswick, NJ 08901 420 Delaware St. Minneapolis, MN 55455 William Sonzogni (tributary) Robert Hesselberg and James Hickey (fish) University of Wisconsin United State Geological Survey Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene Biological Resources Discipline 465 Henry Mall (formerly National Biological Service) Madison, WI 53706 1451 Green Road Ann Arbor, MI 48105 April 2004 i Results of the LMMB Study: PCBs and trans-Nonachlor Data Report Portions of this document were developed using information presented in the following publications and internal reports: Franz, T. P., S. J. Eisenreich, and T. Holsen. 1998. Dry deposition of particulate polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(23): 3681-3688. Green, M. L., J. V. DePinto, C. W. Sweet, and K. C. Hornbuckle. 2000. Regional Spatial and Temporal Interpolation of Atmospheric PCBs: Interpretation of Lake Michigan Mass Balance Data. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(9): 1833-1850. Holson, T. M., G. J. Keeler, K. N. Noll, G. Fang, W. Lee, and J. Lin. 1993. Dry Deposition and Particle Size Distributions Measured during the Lake Michigan Urban Air Toxics Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(7): 1327-1333. Hornbuckle, K. C., J. V. DePinto, M. L. Green, S. M. Miller, and J. J. Bogdan. 2001. Atmospheric Deposition of Persistent Organic Pollutants: Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study. Green Bay, Wisconsin, International Association for Great Lakes Research: Abstracts, June 10 - 14, 2001. Hornbuckle, K. C., C. W. Sweet, R. F. Pearson, D. L. Swackhamer, and S. J. Eisenreich. 1995. Assessing annual water-air fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls in Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(4): 869. Hornbuckle, K. C., D. R. Achman, and S. J. Eisenreich. 1993. Over-Water and Over-Land Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(1): 87-98. Madenjian, C. P., T. J. DeSorcie, R. M. Stedman, E. H. Brown, Jr., G. W. Eck, L. J. Schmidt, R. J. Hesselberg, S. M. Chernyak, and D. R. Passino-Reader. 1999. Spatial Patterns in PCB Concentrations of Lake Michigan Lake Trout. J. Great Lakes Res. 25(1): 149-159. Madenjian, C. P., L. J. Schmidt, S. M. Chernyak, R. F. Elliott, T. J. DeSorcie, R. T. Quintal, L. J. Begnoche, and R. J. Hesselberg. 1999. Variation in Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies among 21 PCB Congeners. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(21): 3768-3773. Madenjian, C. P., R. F. Elliot, L. J. Schmidt, T. J. DeSorcie, R. J. Hesselberg, R. T. Quintal, L. J. Begnoche, P. M. Bouchard, M. E. and Holey. 1998. Net Trophic Transfer Efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan Coho Salmon from Their Prey. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(20): 3063-3067. Miller, S. M. 1999. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Organic and Nutrient Compounds in Atmospheric Media Collected During the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study. M.S. thesis. University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. 181 pp. Simcik, M. F., R. M. Hoff, W. M. J. Strachan, C. W. Sweet, I. Basu, and R. A. Hites. 2000. Temporal Trends of Semivolatile Organic Contaminants in Great Lakes Precipitation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(3): 361-367. Sweet, C. 2000. Sampling of Atmospheric PCBs in the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study (LMMB), 1994-1995. Internal document. Great Lakes National Program Office. ii April 2004 Totten, L. A., C. L. Gigliotti, and S. J. Eisenreich. 2001. Re-evaluation of Air-water Exchange Fluxes of PCBs in Green Bay and Southern Lake Michigan in AEOLOS. Green Bay, Wisconsin. International Association for Great Lakes Research: Abstracts, June 10 - 14, 2001. Trowbridge, A. G. and D. L. Swackhamer. 2001. An Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations in Lower Trophic Level Organisms of the Lake Michigan Foodweb. Green Bay, Wisconsin. International Association for Great Lakes Research: Abstracts, June 10 - 14, 2001. Van Hoof, P. 2000. PCBs in Lake Michigan Surficial Sediments. Internal document. Great Lakes National Program Office. April 2004 iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................i Executive S ummary ............................................................... ES-1 Chapter 1 Project O verview ......................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background ........................................................ 1-1 1.2 Description ......................................................... 1-1 1.3 Scope ............................................................. 1-2 1.3.1 Modeled P ollutants ............................................ 1-2 1.3.1.1 Polychlorinated B iphenyls .............................. 1-3 1.3.1.2 trans-Nonachlor ...................................... 1-3 1.3.1.3 Atrazine ............................................. 1-4 1.3.1.4 Mercury ............................................. 1-4 1.3.2 Other Measured Parameters ..................................... 1-6 1.3.3 Measured Compartments ........................................ 1-7 1.4 Objectives .......................................................... 1-9 1.5 Design ............................................................. 1-9 1.5.1 Organization ................................................. 1-9 1.5.2 Study P articipants ............................................. 1-9 1.5.3 Workgroups ................................................. 1-10 1.5.4 Information M anagement ...................................... 1-11 1.5.4.1 Data R eporting ...................................... 1-11 1.5.4.2 Great L akes E nvironmental M onitoring D atabase ........... 1-13 1.5.4.3 Public Access to LMMB Data .......................... 1-13 1.5.5 Quality Assurance Program ..................................... 1-13 1.6 Project Documents and Products ....................................... 1-15 Chapter 2 PCB/trans-Nonachlor S tudy O verview ........................................ 2-1 2.1 PCB Introduction .................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Physical/Chemical P roperties .................................... 2-1 2.1.2 History of PCB Production ...................................... 2-2 2.1.3 Regulatory Background ......................................... 2-3 2.1.4 Fate a nd E ffects ............................................... 2-3 2.1.5 Biological T ransformations ...................................... 2-4 2.1.6 Toxicity ..................................................... 2-4 2.2 trans-Nonachlor Introduction ........................................... 2-5 2.2.1 Physical/Chemical P roperties .................................... 2-5 2.2.2 trans-Nonachlor Production ..................................... 2-6 2.2.3 Regulatory Background ........................................