4.0 Cumulative Impacts Fallon Range Training Complex Modernization Final Environmental Impact Statement January 2020 Environmental Impact Statement Fallon Range Training Complex Modernization TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ..............................................................................................................4-1 4.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................4-1 4.2 APPROACH TO ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................4-1 4.2.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 4-2 4.2.2 IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF ANALYSIS FOR EACH RESOURCE ............................................................... 4-2 4.2.3 DEFINE THE GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES AND TIMEFRAME FOR ANALYSIS ..................................................... 4-3 4.2.4 DESCRIBE CURRENT RESOURCE CONDITIONS AND TRENDS ........................................................................ 4-3 4.2.5 IDENTIFY POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVES 1, 2, OR 3 THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO CUMULATIVE IMPACTS .. ....................................................................................................................................................... 4-3 4.2.6 IDENTIFY OTHER ACTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS THAT AFFECT EACH RESOURCE ................. 4-4 4.2.7 ANALYZE POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................................... 4-4 4.3 PAST, PRESENT, AND REASONABLY FORESEEABLE ACTIONS ...................................................................4-4 4.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 4-22 4.4.1 GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................... 4-22 4.4.1.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-22 4.4.1.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-22 4.4.1.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-22 4.4.2 LAND USE ....................................................................................................................................... 4-23 4.4.2.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-23 4.4.2.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-23 4.4.2.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-23 4.4.3 MINING AND MINERAL RESOURCES ..................................................................................................... 4-24 4.4.3.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-24 4.4.3.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-24 4.4.3.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-24 4.4.4 LIVESTOCK GRAZING ......................................................................................................................... 4-25 4.4.4.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-25 4.4.4.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-25 4.4.4.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-26 4.4.5 TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................................................................ 4-26 4.4.5.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-26 4.4.5.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-26 4.4.5.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-29 4.4.6 AIRSPACE ........................................................................................................................................ 4-29 4.4.6.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-29 4.4.6.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-29 4.4.6.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-30 4.4.7 NOISE ............................................................................................................................................. 4-30 i Table of Contents Fallon Range Training Complex Modernization Final Environmental Impact Statement January 2020 4.4.7.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-30 4.4.7.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-30 4.4.7.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-31 4.4.8 AIR QUALITY .................................................................................................................................... 4-32 4.4.8.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-32 4.4.8.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-32 4.4.8.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-33 4.4.9 WATER RESOURCES .......................................................................................................................... 4-34 4.4.9.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-34 4.4.9.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-34 4.4.9.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-35 4.4.10 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 4-36 4.4.10.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-36 4.4.10.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-36 4.4.10.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-37 4.4.11 CULTURAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................................................... 4-38 4.4.11.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-38 4.4.11.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-38 4.4.11.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-40 4.4.12 RECREATION .................................................................................................................................... 4-41 4.4.12.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-41 4.4.12.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-41 4.4.12.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-41 4.4.13 SOCIOECONOMICS ............................................................................................................................ 4-42 4.4.13.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence ........................................................................ 4-42 4.4.13.2 Relevant Past, Present, and Future Actions .............................................................................. 4-42 4.4.13.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4-44 4.4.14 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN .................................................................. 4-46 4.4.14.1 Description of Geographic Region of Influence .......................................................................