Behavior and Policy 11.478 Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT, Spring 2015 Full Reading List Part I: Behavior and Policy in a Nutshell Class 1. Cafeteria Trays and Multiple Frameworks • Etheredge (1976) The case of the unreturned cafeteria trays: An Investigation based upon theories of motivation and human behavior Class 2. Ten Instruments for Behavioral Change • Miller and Prentice (2013) Psychological Levers of Behavior Change, Chapter 17 in Eldar Shafir, The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy • Richard Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein: Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, Introduction • Daniel Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and Slow, Introduction Class 3. Measurement, Tools and Technology (Emile Bruneau) • Emile Bruneau 2015 "Putting Neuroscience to Work for Peace”, Working Paper • Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., & Kremer, M. (2007). Using randomization in development economics research: A toolkit. Handbook of development economics, 4, 3895-3962. • Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 197. You may try the Implicit Association Test here https://implicit.harvard.edu/ • Winter Mason and Siddharth Suri (2012) Conducting Behavioural Research on Amazon’s Mech Turk, Behavior Research Method 44(1) Class 4. My Brain at the Bus Stop: EEG & Waiting • Dan Ariely and Gregory S. Berns (2010), “Neuromarketing: The Hope and Hype of Neuroimaging in Business.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience. • Li, Zelin, F. Duarte, J. Zhao, Z. Zhao (2015) My brain at the bus stop: an exploratory framework for applying EEG-based emotion detection techniques in transportation study, working paper Class 5. Behavioral Foundation of Public Policy (Madrian) • Madrian, B. C. (2014). Applying Insights From Behavioral Economics To Policy Design. Annual review of economics, 6, 663. • Eldar Shafir (2013) The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Chapter 26. Behaviorally Informed Regulation • Eldar Shafir (2013) The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Forward, Introduction 1 Behavior and Policy Part II: Behavioral Theory: Simon, Thaler, Kahneman Class 6. Choice Architecture: Nudges and Nudging • Thaler, Richard H. "From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens." Journal of Economics Perspectives 14, (2000): 133-141. • Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein (2008) Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, Chapter 4 When do We Need a Nudge, Chapter 5 Choice Architecture • Jinhua Zhao and Tim Baird (2013) ‘Nudging’ Active Travel: A Framework For Behavioral Interventions Using Mobile Technology Class 7. Bounded Rationality • Amos Tversky; Daniel Kahneman (1974) Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science, Vol. 185, No. 4157. • Simon (1955). "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1) • Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological review, 63(2), 129 Class 8. Prospect Theory • Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk". Econometrica. XLVII (1979): 263-291. • Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (1984) Choices, values, and frames, American Psychologist, Vol 39(4) • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and uncertainty, 5(4), 297-323. • Kahneman (2003) Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics, American Economic Review 93(5) Part III: Time, Space and Information Class 9. Reinterpreting Time: Dali and Einstein • Raghubir et al (2011) Spatial categorization and time perception: Why does it take less time to get home? Journal of Consumer Psychology 21 • Schiffman, H. R. (1990). Sensation and perception: An integrated approach . John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 19: The Perception of Time • Allman, M. J., Teki, S., Griffiths, T. D., & Meck, W. H. (2014). Properties of the internal clock: first-and second-order principles of subjective time. Annual review of psychology, 65, 743-771. • Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der Physik, 17(891), 50. Class 10. Is Travel Time Wasted? ICT, Transit and Driverless Cars 2 Behavior and Policy • Mokhtarian and Salomon 2001, How derived is the demand for travel? Some conceptual and measurement considerations, Transportation Research Part A: 35 (8) • RAND 2014 Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers • Guo, Z, A. Derian, and J. Zhao (2014) Smart Devices and Travel Time Use by Bus Passengers in Vancouver, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation • Aliaksandr Malokin, Giovanni Circella, and Patricia L. Mokhtarian 2015 “How Do Activities Conducted while Commuting Influence Mode Choice? Testing Transit- Advantage and Autonomous-Vehicle Scenarios”, working paper Class 11. Power of Information and Nudging with Maps • Guo 2011 Mind the Map! Impact of Transit Maps on Travel Decisions in Public Transit Systems, Transportation Research Part A 45(7) • Eran Ben-Elia & Erel Avineri (2015): Response to Travel Information: A Behavioural Review, Transport Reviews • Dziekan and Kottenhoff 2007 Dynamic at-stop real-time information displays for public transport: effects on customers, Transportation Research Part A 41 • Watkins, F. et al 2011 Where Is My Bus? Impact of mobile real-time information on the perceived and actual wait time of transit riders, Transportation Research Part A 45 Part IV: Policy Design I Class 12. Salience in Transportation Pricing • Finkelstein, A. (2009) E-ztax: Tax salience and tax rates. Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (3): 969-1010. doi: 10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.969 • Michel, A., & Zhao, J. (2015). Modeling Saliency in Transportation Pricing: Optimal Mixture of Automobile Management Policies. In Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting (No. 15-1133). • Kristina Shampanier, Nina Mazar, and Dan Ariely (2007), “Zero as a Special Price: The True Value of Free Products.” Marketing Science. Vol. 26, No. 6: 742-757. Class 13. Decision by Default: Active Choosing or Default Rules • Sunstein, Cass (2014) Active Choosing or Default Rules? The Policymaker's Dilemma http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2437421 • Johnson, E. J., & Goldstein, D. G. (2003). Do defaults save lives?. Science, 302, 1338- 1339. • Cass R. Sunstein, Deciding By Default, UPenn Law Review (2013) Class 14. Reference Class Forecasting and Transportation Planning as Preference Shaping • Flyvbjerg, B. (2008). Curbing optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation in planning: Reference class forecasting in practice. European Planning Studies, 16(1), 3- 21. 3 Behavior and Policy • Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Peetz, J. (2010). Chapter 1: the planning fallacy: cognitive, motivational, and social origins. Advances in experimental social psychology, 43, 1-62. • Siemiatycki, M. (2009). Academics and Auditors Comparing Perspectives on Transportation Project Cost Overruns. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 29(2), 142-156. • Zhao, J. (2009). Preference accommodating and preference shaping: incorporating traveler preferences into transportation planning (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Part V: Emotion and Transport Policy Class 15. Happiness: Experience or Memory • Daniel Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and Slow, Part V. Two Selves • Kahneman, D. (2000). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment-based approach. Choices, values, and frames, 673-692. • Lazarus, R. S. (1996). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. Oxford University Press. • Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Advances in cell aging and gerontology, 15, 187-219. • Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2009). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Trends in cognitive sciences, 13(11), 479-487. • Abou-Zeid et al 2012 Happiness and travel mode switching: Findings from a Swiss public transportation experiment, Transport Policy 19 (1) Class 16. Emotion and Urban Planning (Thompson) • Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational, Chapter 6 The Influence of Arousal • Welch, D. D. (1997). Ruling with the heart: Emotion-based public policy. S. Cal. Interdisc. LJ, 6, 55. • Barbalet, J. M. (2001). Chatper 2, Emotion and Rationality, in Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge University Press. • Barbalet, J. M. (2001). Chatper 4, Action and confidence, in Emotion, social theory, and social structure: A macrosociological approach. Cambridge University Press. Class 17. Car Pride, Bicycle Decline and Failure of Life • Zhao and Zhao (2015) Understanding Car Pride: Psychological Structure and Behavioral Implications, Working Paper • Ming Yang, Maggie Wang, Jinhua Zhao and John Zacharias 2015 The Rise and Decline of the Bicycle in Beijing, Transport Reviews, Under Review Part VI: Is Travel Social Class 18. Social Influencing System (Stibe) 4 Behavior and Policy • Agnis Stibe 2014 Socially Influencing Systems: Persuading People To Engage With Publicly Displayed Twitter-Based Systems, Doctoral Dissertation • Ariely, D., Bracha, A., & Meier, S. (2009). Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially. The American Economic Review, 544-555. • Eldar Shafir (2013) The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Chapter 4. The Psychology of Cooperation •