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University Microfilms International A BeH & HoweH Information C om pany 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor Ml 48106-1346 USA 313 761-4 700 800 521 0600 Order Number 8007234 The effects of adventure and ecology education programming on participants’ wilderness knowledge, attitude, intentions and b eh a v io r Hanna, Glenda Marie, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by Hanna, Glenda Marie. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE EFFECTS OF ADVENTURE AND ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROGRAMMING ON PARTICIPANTS' WILDERNESS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, INTENTIONS AND BEHAVIOR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in tit'" Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Glenda Hanna, B.P.E., M.A. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 1 988 Dissertation Committee Approved By A. Ewert Co-Adviser S. Kleinman School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation C.L. Mand R. Roth Co-Adviser School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation Copyright by Glenda Marie Hanna 1988 To my mother, Read, for her boundless love, generosity and understanding, and especially for all of those magical waks through the valley of my childhood. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express appreciation to my committee for the time and assistance they gave in the completion of this dissertation. Sincere gratitude is extended to Dr. Alan Ewert (formerly of the School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation) for his insistence on excellence and for his teaching, advising and encouragement in helping me work towards it. Many thanks to Dr Charles Mand (School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation) for stepping in to co-chair my committee following Dr. Ewert's departure from the faculty. I also gratefully acknowledge Dr. Robert Roth (School of Natural Resources) who provided much appreciated feedback and assistance with the development of the review of literature and Dr. Emmalou Van Tilburg (School of Agricultural Education) who was especially helpful in the evolution of the quantitative instruments and qualitative methods used in the study. Dr. Seymour Kleinman completed the committee and I am obliged to him for his time, energy and enthusiasm for the research. In addition, I wish to acknowledge support and encouragement for this research by the National Audubon Society and the Audubon Field Ecology Camp in the West, directed by Peggy Abbott as well as Outward Bound U.S.A. and the Colorado Outward Bound School, directed by Roy Smith. Thank you to each of these organizations and individuals as well as to all the tremendously cooperative staff I met and worked with while undertaking data collection. And to my dear husband, Michael, whose acceptance of my protracted preoccupation with this research has left me feeling respected, loved and supported, thank you. VITA July 21. 1957 Bom - Edmonton, Alberta. Canada 1979 B.P.E., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta 1979-1980 Director of Youth Services, St. James Y.M.C.A., Winnipeg, Manitoba 1983 M.A., Department of Physical Education. University ot Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta 1984-1986. 1987-Present Sessional Lecturer in Outdoor Education. Department of Physical Education and Sport Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta PUBLICATIONS "Outdoor Education: The Theory/Research Connection". Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation Journal. June-July 1988. "Sunlight on the Wind: The Question of Minimal Impact Backcountry Techniques". Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. Winter, 1987 V.4, N.3; Spring, 1988 V.4, N. 5 and Summer. 1988, V. 4, N.6. Safety Oriented Guidelines in Outdoor Education Leadership and Programming. Ottawa: Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1986. "Legal Liability in Outoor Programming," C.A.H.P.E.R. Journal. June-July 1986. Canoeing Alberta. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing Co., 1985 (major contributing writer and editor). "Cross-country Skiing - Diagonal Stride Teaching Tips." C.A.H.P.E.R. Journal. March-April, 1985 "Winter Explorations in Northern Alberta," EXPLORE. No. 7, October 1982. l v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................... iii VITA......................................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Nature of the Problem ......................................................................................................page 1 Problem Statem ent...................................................................................................................... 6 Purposes of the Study ................................................................................................................. 7 Research Hypotheses ..................................................................................................................8 Definition of Term s ........................................................................................................................ 8 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................................ 12 Delimitations of the Study ......................................................................................................... 13 Basic Assumptions ........................................................................................................................ 14 R eferences ...................................................... 15 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE I. The Theory of Reasoned Behavior Applied to Wilderness ........................................17 Fishbein and Ajzen's Model of Reasoned Behavior ............................................................18 Ewert's Model of Outdoor Adventure Participation ............................................................. 20 The Theory of Reasoned Wilderness Behavior ...................................................................22 R eferences .....................................................................................................................................26 v II. Predisposing Factors Affecting Environmental Behavior ...................................... 27 Sociodemographic Factors ......................................................................................................27 Psychosociological Factors ..................................................................................................... 30 The Influence of Past Experience ........................................................................................30 R eferences .................................................................................................................................. 33 III. Outdoor Education and Environmental Cognitive Development ......................34 Cognitive Expectations and Perceptions of Wilderness ..................................................34 The Impact of Outdoor Education on Environmental Cognitive Learning .................... 36 Cognitive Knowledge and Related Environmental Attitudes ..........................................48 What is Taught and How ........................................................................................................ 40 R eferences .................................................................................................................................. 41 IV. Outdoor Education