Cambridge University Press 0521540089 - Nobel Laureates and Twentieth-Century Physics Mauro Dardo Index More information Index Abrikosov, Alexei A., 474 American Physical Society, 395 Armstrong, Neil, 279 biographical notes on, 466 Amp`ere,Andr´e-Marie,19, 28 Arnold, Harold, 163 Nobel Prize (2003) to, 462 Anderson, Carl David, 58, 183, 184, 187, Arrhenius, Svante, 34, 69–70, 120, superconductivity, 464–465 194, 196, 226, 231–234, 275, 422, 126–139, 302 Academy of Sciences, French, 13, 43, 44, 470 Aston, Francis William, 82, 200 138, 139, 165, 316, 411, 413 biographical notes on, 195–197 mass spectrograph, 121–122 Academy of Sciences, Prussian, 104–105, muon, 195 astronomy, 329, 414 115, 122, 123, 128, 187 Nobel Prize (1936) to, 193 Astrophysical Journal, 351, 415 Academy of Sciences, Russian, 268, 284, positron, 183, 197 astrophysics, 279, 302, 319, 329, 414, 349, 447, 466–467 Anderson, Philip Warren, 328, 344–345, 458, 475 Academy of Sciences, Soviet Union, see 348, 356, 434, 472 asymptotic freedom, 406 Academy of Sciences, Russian biographical notes on, 345–346 AT&T, 6, 163, 278 Accademia dei Lincei, 348 challenge of reductionism by, 347–349 Atkinson, Robert, 303 accelerators, see particle accelerators condensed-matter physics, 346–347 atom, 17, 25, 26–27, 475 AGS (BNL), 272, 286, 313, 337, 363, 398 Nobel Prize (1977) to, 340–341 Bohr’s model of, 91 Alembert Le Rond Jean d’, 14 Anderson localisation, 344–347, 434 nuclear, 77, 80, 81, 90–91 Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich, 447, 474 Anderson model, 346 plum pudding model of, 81 biographical notes on, 447 Ångstr¨om,Anders, 25, 73 atom smasher, 174 heterostructures, 445–446 Ångstr¨om,Knut, 73 atomic clock, 400–401, 452, 476 Nobel Prize (2000) to, 442 angular momentum, atomic, 110, 111, atomic number, 98, 192, 475 Alfv´en,Hannes Olof, 472 475 atomic physics, 369 biographical notes on, 315 Annalen der Physik, 37, 49, 51, 105, 147 Aurivillius, Christopher, 127 Nobel Prize (1970) to, 315 annihilation, electron–positron, 195 aurora, 315, 476 plasma physics, 315 Annis, Martin, 460 Avogadro, Amedeo, 147 Alighieri, Dante, 271 anode, 475 Avogadro number, 147 Allen, Jack, 284, 285, 350–351, 426, 464 antielectron, see positron Allison, Samuel K., 248 antiferromagnetism, 316, 346, 419 Bahcall, John, 455 alpha decay, 176 antineutron, 271, 310 Baker, Jim, 133 alpha particles, 118, 160, 490 antiparticle, 176, 475 Baker, Nicholas, 133 as helium nuclei, 69 antiproton, 269–270, 310, 381 Balmer, Johann, 25 discovery of, 28 discovery of, 270 Balmer-α line, 65, 250 alpha rays, see alpha particles Appleton, Edward Victor, 82, 302, 471 Balmer series, 25, 476 Alpher, Ralph, 353 biographical notes on, 224 Bank of Sweden, 3 Alvarez, Luis Walter, 214, 240, 309, 455, ionosphere, 224 Bardeen, John, 226, 257, 325, 328–329, 472 Nobel Prize (1947) to, 223 426, 443, 463, 471–472 biographical notes on, 308 Appleton layer, 223–224 BCS theory, 321–323 Nobel Prize (1968) to, 307–308 Arecibo observatory, 415 biographical notes on, 257, 324 resonance particles, 308–309 argon, 47 Nobel Prize (1956) to, 255 Alvarez, Walter, 309 Argonne National Laboratory, 271, 466 Nobel Prize (1972) to, 321 Amaldi, Edoardo, 170, 188, 189, 201 Aristotle, 7 transistor, 255–256 517 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521540089 - Nobel Laureates and Twentieth-Century Physics Mauro Dardo Index More information 518 Index Barkla, Charles Glover, 138–139, 470 Bethe, Hans Albrecht, 110, 210, 214, biographical notes on, 336 biographical notes on, 110 222, 253, 297, 303, 305, 329, 343, Nobel Prize (1975) to, 333–334 characteristic X-rays, 98, 109–110 353, 455–456, 472 nuclear collective model, 334–336 Nobel Prize (1917) to, 109–110 biographical notes on, 304–305 Bohr, Harald, 90, 93–94 baryons, 310, 314, 404, 476 CNO cycle, 304 Bohr, Margrethe, 336 Basov, Nikolai Gennadievich, 292, 372, Nobel Prize (1967) to, 301–302 Bohr, Niels Henrik, 37, 77, 82, 91–94, 98, 445, 472 on Enrico Fermi, 202 99, 110–113, 114, 120, 125, 130, biographical notes on, 294 proton–proton chain, 303–304 134, 140, 148–152, 154, 158, 159, maser, 291 Bevatron (LBNL), 269–272, 308 161, 169, 170–171, 179–180, 185, Nobel Prize (1964) to, 290 Bieler, Etienne, 122 190, 199, 201, 207–208, 210, 214, BCS theory, 322–323, 327–328, 449, Big Bang, 296, 351–354, 366, 400, 409, 217, 218, 219, 220, 238, 248, 283, 476 413, 455, 476 293, 296, 297, 333–336, 343, 470 Becker, Herbert, 181 big physics, 407 atomic model, 89–91, 133 Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond, 43 big Science, 369 biographical notes on, 133 Becquerel, Antoine C´esar, 43 binary pulsar PSR 1913+16, 414–418, complementarity principle, 158–160 Becquerel, Antoine Henri, 27–28, 34, 41, 476 correspondence principle, 131–132 43, 44, 469 binary stars, 477 hydrogen atom, 92–93 biographical notes on, 43 gravitational waves from, 417–418 liquid-drop model, 208, 334 Nobel Prize (1903) to, 42 orbit precession, 417 Nobel Prize (1922) to, 130–131 radioactivity, 42–43 Binnig, Gerd, 388–390, 407, 473 November, 1962, 287 Becquerel rays, 42, 43 biographical notes on, 389–390 nuclear fission, 209–210 Bednorz, Johannes Georg, 391–396, 463, Nobel Prize (1986) to, 388 on Max Planck, 114 473 scanning tunnelling microscope, Bohr magneton, 216, 251–252, 476 biographical notes on, 392 388–389 Bohr–Sommerfeld theory, 130, 141, 145, high-temperature superconductors, black body, 26, 37, 477 148–150 393–395 black-body radiation, 25–26, 353, 477 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 18, 26, 113 Nobel Prize (1987) to, 391–392 black-body radiation law, 26, 37, 477 bomb, nuclear, 213, 214, 215 Bell, Alexander, 29 black-body spectrum, see black-body Bonaparte, Napoleon, 19, 203 Bell, Jocelyn, 331 radiation law Born, Max, 83, 125, 152, 159–161, 171, Bell Labs (Bell Telephone Laboratories), black hole, 319, 378–380, 461, 477 177, 178–180, 187, 198, 210, 247, 5, 156, 163, 197–198, 226–227, Blackett, Patrick Maynard, 15, 58, 82, 287, 289, 290, 297, 343, 471 253, 255–259, 276–278, 291–295, 155, 171, 187, 194–195, 197, 200, biographical notes on, 246–247 321, 328–329, 340–347, 349–353, 226, 231, 275, 460, 471 matrix mechanics, 143–145, 246 371–373, 387, 428, 430–431, biographical notes on, 224–225 Nobel Prize (1954) to, 245–246 433–435, 446 Nobel Prize (1948) to, 224 on Erwin Schr¨odinger, 185 Benedicks, Carl, 144–146 nuclear and particle physics, 225–226 wave function, 149, 246 Bergson, Henri Louis, 126 positron, 183 Bose, Satyendra Nath, 175, 448–449 Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, see Bloch, Felix, 170, 177, 180, 241, 308, 471 Bose–Einstein condensate, 322, 409, Lawrence Berkeley National biographical notes on, 240 426–427, 430, 448–454, 477 Laboratory (LBNL) Nobel Prize (1952) to, 240 Bose–Einstein statistics, 128, 168–169, Bernoulli, Daniel, 14 nuclear magnetic resonance, 240, 175, 426, 434, 477 Bernoulli, Johann, 14 241–242 bosons, 175, 284, 426–427, 449, 477 beryllium, radiation of, 181–182 on Werner Heisenberg, 180 Bothe, Walther, 153, 194, 225, 471, 502 Besso, Michele, 50, 59, 111, 254 Bloembergen, Deli, 371 biographical notes on, 248 beta decay, 169, 193, 258, 262–264, 476 Bloembergen, Nicolaas, 370, 371, 473 coincidence method, 247–248 Fermi’s theory of, 193 biographical notes on, 371–372 Nobel Prize (1954) to, 245–246 beta particles, 28, 490 Nobel Prize (1981) to, 370 radiation of beryllium, 181 beta radioactivity, see beta non linear optics, 370–371 Boyle, Robert, 26 decay Blumenfeld, Kurt, 254 Bragg, William Henry, 15, 98, 101, 109, beta rays, see beta particles Bohr, Aage Niels, 133, 336, 472 138, 156, 419, 469 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521540089 - Nobel Laureates and Twentieth-Century Physics Mauro Dardo Index More information Index519 biographical notes on, 101 bubble chamber, 237, 273–274, 275, 276, caesium-133, 400–401 Nobel Prize (1915) to, 100–101 412, 477 Chadwick, James, 82, 122, 169, 182, 191, X-ray spectrometer, 100 Buckley, Oliver, 278 192, 200, 229, 232, 350, 470 X-rays and Crystal Structure, 101 Buddha, 313 biographical notes on, 192 Bragg, William Lawrence, 97, 98, 101, building-up principle (Aufbauprinzip), neutron, 181–182, 190–192 102, 109, 138, 156, 161, 220, 225, 132 Nobel Prize (1935) to, 190–192 245, 265, 343–344, 419, 469 Bumstead, H. A., 62 on Ernest Rutherford, 82 biographical notes on, 101–102 Bunsen, Robert, 24–25, 88, 370 chain reaction, nuclear, 209, 210, Nobel Prize (1915) to, 100–101 Burbidge, Geoffrey, 379 214–215 reflection method, 100–101 Burbidge, Margaret, 379 Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, 420 X-rays and Crystal Structure, 101 Butler, Clifford, 231 Chamberlain, Owen, 203, 272, 471 Brahe, Tycho, 7 antiproton, 270 Branly, Edouard,´ 71 Cabibbo, Nicola, 364 biographical notes on, 271 Brattain, Walter Houser, 226, 257, 321, Caltech (California Institute of Nobel Prize (1959) to, 269 443, 471 Technology), 5, 134, 173, 183, Chandra X-ray Observatory, 461 biographical notes on, 257 195–197, 245, 258, 274, 282, 292, Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 190, 379, Nobel Prize (1956) to, 255 298, 310–314, 317, 337, 353, 376, 461, 473 transistor, 255–256 377–379 astrophysics, 378 Braun, Karl Ferdinand, 72–73, 469 Cameron, Al, 455 biographical notes on, 378–379 biographical notes on, 72 canal rays, 116–117 Nobel Prize (1983) to, 377 Nobel Prize (1909) to, 71 carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (CNO Chandrasekhar limit, 378, 477 Brazinsky, Vladimir, 67 cycle), 304, 479 charge Breit, G., 251 Carnot, Sadi, 18 electric, 134–135, 404–406, 421–423, Bridgman, Percy Williams, 223, 257, 471 Cartan, Henri, 432 480 biographical notes on, 223 Caruso, Enrico, 64 elementary, 135, 480 Nobel Prize