|I||UH| HISTORY OF AURANGZIB Vol. 11. Works by Jadunath Sarkar, M.A. 1. History of Aurangzib, based on Persian sources. Rs. Vol. 1. Reign of Shah Jahan, pp. 402. Vol.11. War of Succession, pp.328. 3J each. 2. Anecdotes of Aurangzib (English translation and notes) and Historical Essays, pp. 248. 1-3 text with an 3. Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, Persian English translation {Anecdotes of Aiirang- 5i6) and notes, pp. 72 + 146 ... ... i 4. Chaitanya's Pilgrimages and Teachings, being an English translation of his contem- porary biography, Chaitanya-charita- mrita, Madhya-lila, pp. 320+ ... 2 5. India of Aurangzib : Statistics, Topography and Roads, with translations from the Khulasat-ui-tawarikh and the Chahar Gulshan. (Not a history), pp. 300 ... 2^ 6. Economics of British India, 3rd ed., pp. 300 + (In preparation) .. •3 and Ravindra- 7. Essays, Social Literary, by nath Tagore, translated into English. (In preparation). SOLD BY M. C. Sarkar it Sons, 75, Harrison Road, Calcutta. S. K. Lahiri & Co., 56, College Str., Calcutta. Madras. G. A. Natesan, 3, Shunkurama Chetti Str., D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., 103, Medows Str., Bombay. LuzAC & Co., 46, Great Russell Str., LONDON. HISTORY OF AURANGZIB Mainly based on Persian Sources. JADUNATH SARKAR, M.A., Professor, Patna College. Vol. II. War of Succession. M. C. SARKAR & 0. SONS, ^^c ^ ' ]\^' Harrison <" 75, Road, \^ \ ^ ' \ CALCUTTA. * -v ^ >^* 1912. 55. net. Rs. 3-8 As. bs .7 KUNTALINE PRESS. Printed by Purna Chandra Dass, 6i & 62, BovvBAZAR Street, Calcutta. PUBLISHKD BY M. C. SaRKAR & SoNS, 75, Harrison Road, Calcutta. CONTENTS. Chapter XV. Battle of Dharmat. —tries to avert a Jaswant at Uijain, i —his movements, 2 — in his —his battle, 3—his difficulties, 5 treachery ranks, 7 — of 1 1 order battle, plan of battle, 9—contending forces, Van, J2— Rajput Van charges, 14—defence by Aurangzib's left IS— Rajputs destroved, iS—Murad attacks the Imperial — 21— 22— wing, 19 Jaswant's flight, plunder, —Aurangzib's in 23—his memorial buildings, 24 casualties, gain prestige, — Samn- 25—Aurangzib crosses the Chambal, 28 reaches garh, 30. Chapter XVI. Battle of Samugarh. new Shah Jahan starts for Delhi, 32—Dara—gathers a army, 33—takes leave of Shah Jahan, 36 reaches Samu- — : its garh, 38—evening before the battle, 39 Dara's army — its — battle order, formation, 40 weakness, 43 Aurangzib's — 44—cannonade, 46—charge of Dara's left wing, 47 repulsed, on 4g_Chhatra Sal charges Murad, 49— Rajput attack — foolish move- Aurangzib, 50—desperate fight, 51 Dara's — of ments, 52—havoc by Aurangzib's artillery, 56 flight 60—tactics Dara's army, 57 — Dara's escape, 59—casualties, criticised, 63. Chapter XVII. Capture of Agra Fort and of Murad. Captivity — News of Samugarh reaches Agra, 65 grief of Shah Jahan, 68— 66— Dara's despondency, 67 — his flight from Agra, —is Aurangzib arrives outside Agra, 70 joined by—many nobles, 71 —his correspondence with Shah Jahan, 71 Shah Jahan's loving messages, 74—Aurangzib seizes Agra city, — — its — 77 besieges .^gra fort, 78 cuts —off water supply, 79 Shah Jahan's pathetic entreaty, 80 he surrenders Agra fort, 82—Jahanara's embassy fails, 83—Aurangzib refuses to visit — of — Shah Jahan, 85 close confinement Shah Jahan,— 85 Murad's jealousy of Aurangzib, 87—his ambition, Sg open rivalry with Aurangzib, 90—Murad invited by Aurangzib, 92 —welcomed and feasted, 93—treacherously disarmed and VI HISTORY OF AURANGZIB. imprisoned, 94—Murad in Gwalior prison, 97 —attempted rescue, 98—tried for murder of Ali Naqi and beheaded, 99. Chapter XVIII. Pursuit of Dara Shukoh. Dara at Delhi, 101 —his difficulties, 102—goes to Lahore, lo'^—holds the line of the Satlej, 104—Aurangzib at Delhi, 106—crowns himself, 107— his Van crosses the Satlej, 108— Dara abandons the Bias, no—desertions from his army, no—his suspicion roused against Daud Khan by a false leiter, 112—Dara leaves Lahore, 1 13— Aurangzib pursues — down the Dara to Multan,— 115 history of Dara's— flight Indus, 117 —pursuit to Bhakkar, iiq Dara's— miserable con- dition, 120 deserted by Daud Khan, 121 pursued to Seh-— wan, 123—intercepted, 124—escapes to Tatta, 126 to Guzerat, 127 —return of pursuing army, 128. Chapter XIX. Shuja's Struggles for the Throne. — — Character of Shuja, —129 he crowns himself, 130 ad- vances to Benares,— 131 his camp— surprised by Sulaiman Shukoh, 132 Shuja's flight, 134 treaty with Sulaiman, 136—Aurangzib's friendly letter to Shuja, 137—Shuja's second advance, 139—reaches Khajwah, 140—Aurangzib- arrives to oppose him, 141 —advance? on Shuja's position, 143—eve of the battle, 144—Aurangzib's camp looted by Jaswant, 145—panic and dispersion, 147 —Aurangzib's cool- ness, 148—the contending armies, 149—Aurangzib's left wing — — his routed, 153 attack on—his centre repelled, 154 right wing hard pressed, 155 reinforced, beats the attack— back, 157—general advance of Aurangzib's arm\', 158 flight of Shuja, 159—spoils, 160—tactics, 161. Chapter XX. Battle of Deorai. — Dara's flight from Sindh, 162 welcomed by the Rao of —Dara at — Cutch, 163— Ahmadabad, 164 his conflicting plans, 165 invited to Ajmir by Jaswant, 167—^Jaswant deserts Dara, 168—Dara entrenches a pass near Ajmir, — : 171 battle first day, 173—second day, 175—third day, 176— Dara's left rear turned, 177 —attack on Shah Nawaz Khan's — — — trenches, 178 obstinate fight, 179 trenches stormed, 181 flight of Dara's troops, 1S3— Dara's familv escape from — — Ajmir, 185 plunder, 186 Aurangzib after victory, 187. CONTENTS. Vll Chapter XXI. End of Dara Shukoh. —his — Dara's flight to Mairta, 189 sufferings, T91 paths closed to him, 192—he is refused admission to Ahmadabad, — —and — 193 flight to Cutch, 194 Sehwan, 195 Jai Singh's— march in pursuit, ig6—reaches Ahmadabad, 197 and Cutch, 198—crosses the Rann : terrible sufferings of troops, 199—loss of horses and cattle, 201 —Jai Singh's loyalty vindicated, 203—Dara in the Baluch country, 204—his reluctance to leave India, 206—Malik Jiwan welcomes Dara, 206—death of Dara's wife 206—Jiwan teacherously impri- sons Dara, 208—and delivers him up to the Imperial generals, 209,—Dara brought to Delhi, 210—paraded through the streets, 211 —popular sympathy, 212—Dara sentenced to death, 214—riot, 216—murder of Dara, 217—his burial, 219. Chapter XXIT. End of Sulaiman Shukoh. Sulaiman hears of Samugarh, 221 —deserted by his troops, 222—retreats to Allahabad, 223—marches to Hardwar, 224— his path to the Panjab closed, 225—wishes to enter Garhwal, 227—robbed and deserted by his followers, 229—seeks asylum in Garhwal, 230—Aurangzib invades Garhwal, 232— Sulaiman delivered up to the Mughals, 233—interview with Aurangzib, 234—drugged to death in prison, 236. Chapter XXIII. Pursuit of Shuja. Shuja's flight from Khajwah, 237—at Mungir blocks the road, 239—Shuja at Sahibganj, 241 —Mir Jumla's detour, 242— Rajput contingent secedes from Mir Jumla, 243— to —Alawardi Khan Shuja's— flight Rajmahal, 245 conspires, 246 is beheaded, 248—Mir Jumla occupies Rajmahal, of — 248—scene the war, 249 Shuja's naval superiority, 251 — strategy of the war, 253—Mir Jumla's first coup, '254—his second coup^ 256— his third coup fails, 258—Prince Muham- mad deserts to — — Shuja,— 260 rainy season, 262 Rajmahal water-locked, 263 recaptured by Shuja, 264—compaign renewed, 265—battle of Gheria, 266—Shuja's rear threat- ened, 267—his retreat, 268—skirmishes, 269—Shuja abandons the west bank for good, 270. Chapter XXIV. End of Shuja. Mir of — — Jumla's new plan war, 272 his base at Samdah, 273 advance on Maldah, 274—grand turning movement, Vlll HISTORY OF AURANGZIB. —fords the — 275 Mahananda with loss, 276 Shuja's flight to Dacca, 278—Mir Jumla captures Tanda, 279—Shuja's pro- perty and harem seized, 280—Shuja's flight from Dacca, 282—help sent to him by the Arracanese, 283—Shuja leaves India, 285—his mysterious death in Arracan, 286— Dutch account of it, 287. Chapter XXV. Grand Enthronement of Aurangzib. Peculiar solemnity of Aurangzib's second coronation, 289—features of a Muslim coronation, 290—march through the streets, 292 —appearance of Aurangzib, 293—decoration of the —his — Ditvan-i-am, 294 — enthronement, 296 khutba, presents,— new coins, 296 audience— held in the harem, 298 his new ordinances, 299 tributes and presents, 299— fireworks and illumination, 300. Bibliography ... ... ... 301 Corrections and Additions ... ... 318 The History of Aurangzib. CHAPTER XV. Battle of Dharmat, 15 April, 1658. Reaching Ujjain with his army at the end of was in Jaswant leaves February, Jaswant quite Ujjain to oppose the dark about Aurangzib's in- Murad, ^ , „ tentions and movements. So strictly did that Prince watch the roads and ferries of the Narmada river that no news from the Deccan reached Jaswant. The Rajput general, however, learnt that Murad was coming from Guzerat. So, he issued from Ujjain, took post near Kachraud to bar the enemy's path, and sent his spies towards Murad's camp for further news. Murad was then 36 miles awaj-, but on finding Jaswant's force greatly superior to his own, he prudently avoided a battle and making 2 HISTORY OF AURANGZIB. [CHAP. XV. a wide detour round Kachraud arrived south of it, in order to be near the Narmada and Aurang- zib's line of advance. Jaswant heard of this movement, and in his J , , present state of could and hears of '^ ignorance" Aurangzib's ap- not account for it. Just then ' he got a letter from Mandu Fort telling him that Aurangzib had crossed the Nar- mada. A party of Dara's troops, who had fled from the fort of Dhar at the approach of Aurang- zib, now joined Jaswant and confirmed the news.