Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 55 Number 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 55, Article 1 Number 3 1976 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 55, Number 3 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1976) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 55, Number 3," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 55 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol55/iss3/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 55, Number 3 Published by STARS, 1976 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 55 [1976], No. 3, Art. 1 COVER Joseph Dowling Price and John Anderson built the Ormond Hotel, Ormond Beach, in, 1876. In 1890, Henry M. Flagler purchased it and doubled the capacity from seventy-five to 150 rooms. The capacity was raised again in 1899, making the Ormond one of the largest wooden hotels in the world. The photograph is from Ormond-Daytona (New York, 1904). https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol55/iss3/1 2 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 55, Number 3 The THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LV, Number 3 January 1977 Published by STARS, 1976 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 55 [1976], No. 3, Art. 1 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY SAMUEL PROCTOR, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERBERT J. DOHERTY, JR. University of Florida MICHAEL V. GANNON University of Florida JOHN K. MAHON University of Florida JERRELL H. SHOFNER Florida Technological University CHARLTON W. TEBEAU University of Miami (Emeritus) J. LEITCH WRIGHT, JR. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibili- ty for statements made or opinions held by authors. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol55/iss3/1 4 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 55, Number 3 Table of Contents WEAPONS, STRATEGIES, AND TACTICS OF THE EUROPEANS AND THE INDIANS IN SIXTEENTH- AND SEVENTEENTH- CENTURY FLORIDA Barbara A. Purdy 259 CUSTOM, LAW, AND HISTORY: THE ENDURING INFLUENCE OF FLORIDA’S “BLACK CODE” Jerrell H. Shofner 277 “FLORIDA WHITE,” SOUTHERN BELLE Margaret Anderson Uhler 299 THE INFLUENCE OF THE PEABODY FUND ON EDUCATION IN RECONSTRUCTION FLORIDA F. Bruce Rosen 310 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS: CAPTAIN HUGH YOUNG AND HIS 1818 TOPOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR TO ANDREW JACKSON Ernest F. Dibble 321 CAPTAIN HUGH YOUNG’S MAP OF JACKSON’S 1818 SEMINOLE CAMPAIGN IN FLORIDA Alcione M. Amos 336 NEW NUMBERS FOR THE STETSON COLLECTION Paul E. Hoffman 347 FLORIDA HISTORY RESEARCH IN PROGRESS --------------------------- 352 BOOK REVIEWS --------------------------------------------------------- 363 BOOK NOTES --------------------------------------- 391 HISTORY NEWS -------------------------------------------------------- 400 COPYRIGHT 1977 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. iii Published by STARS, 1976 5 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 55 [1976], No. 3, Art. 1 BOOK REVIEWS JOSIAH WALLS: FLORIDA’S BLACK CONGRESSMAN OF RECONSTRUCTION, by Peter D. Klingman reviewed by Emma Lou Thornbrough FLORIDA: A BICENTENNIAL HISTORY, by Gloria Jahoda reviewed by LeRoy Collins FLORIDA COWMAN, A HISTORY OF FLORIDA CATTLE RAISING, by Joe A. Akerman, Jr. reviewed by Charlton W. Tebeau EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FLORIDA AND THE CARIBBEAN, edited by Samuel Proctor reviewed by Richard K. Murdoch GONE WITH THE HICKORY STICK: SCHOOL DAYS IN MARION COUNTY, 1845-1960 reviewed by Eloise R. Ott ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE NATIONAL GREEK ORTHODOX SHRINE, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA: MICROCHANGE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SPANISH COLONIAL MATERIAL CULTURE, by Kathleen A. Deagan reviewed by Albert Manucy A NEW AGE NOW BEGINS: A PEOPLE’S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, by Page Smith reviewed by Don Higginbotham THE CHARACTER OF JOHN ADAMS, by Peter Shaw, and GEORGE MASON: GENTLE- MAN REVOLUTIONARY, by Helen Hill Miller reviewed by Paul H. Smith BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN FRONTIER, 1783-1815, by J. Leitch Wright, Jr. reviewed by John K. Mahon THE TRAIL OF TEARS, by Gloria Jahoda reviewed by Arthur H. DeRosier, Jr. SLAVES WITHOUT MASTERS: THE FREE NEGRO IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH, by Ira Berlin reviewed by David L. Smiley RECKONING WITH SLAVERY: A CRITICAL STUDY IN THE QUANTITATIVE HISTORY OF AMERICAN NEGRO SLAVERY, by Paul A. David, Herbert G. Gutman, Richard Sutch, Peter Temin, and Gavin Wright, and A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN NORTH AMERICA, edited with commentary by Willie Lee Rose reviewed by John Hebron Moore THE PAPERS OF ANDREW JOHNSON, VOLUME 4, 1860-1861, edited by LeRoy P. Graf, Ralph W. Haskins, and Patricia P. Clark reviewed by Richard N. Current THE BOOKER T. WASHINGTON PAPERS, VOLUME 4: 1895-98, edited by Louis R. Harlan, Stuart B. Kaufman, Barbara S. Kraft, and Raymond W. Smock reviewed by Thomas D. Clark A YANKEE GUERRILLERO: FREDERICK FUNSTON AND THE CUBAN INSURRECTION, 1896-1897, by Thomas W. Crouch reviewed by Willard B. Gatewood, Jr. ‘THE URBAN ETHOS IN THE SOUTH, 1920-1930, by Blaine A. Brownell reviewed by John S. Ezell https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol55/iss3/1 6 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 55, Number 3 WEAPONS, STRATEGIES, AND TACTICS OF THE EUROPEANS AND THE INDIANS IN SIXTEENTH- AND SEVENTEENTH- CENTURY FLORIDA by BARBARA A. PURDY* HE INDIANS OF FLORIDA were hostile to white explorers, Tadventurers, colonists, and missionaries from the time of Ponce de León’s encounter in 1513 until 1710 when it was reported, “there remains not now so much as one Village with ten Houses in it, in all Florida, that is subject to the Spaniards.“1 These were the Apalachee and Timucua Indians of northwest and central Florida, but it is known that the Tocobago Indians had been destroyed by 1709.2 The Ais, never many in number, seem to have disappeared sometime during the first half of the eighteenth century, and the Tekesta were finally exterminated by bands of raiding Creeks.3 Some historians believe the last remnants of these and the Calusa Indians went to Havana with the Spaniards in 1763, but there is evidence that a few Calusa Indians remained near Charlotte Harbor and later supported the Seminoles.4 Indian hostility might be attributed to fear of enslavement or the natural tendency for all people to protect their homes * Barbara Purdy is associate professor of social sciences and anthropology, University of Florida. 1. [Nairne?], A Letter from South Carolina (London, 1710), 34, quoted in Verner W. Crane, The Southern Frontier, 1670-1732 (Ann Arbor, 1929, 1956), 81. 2. Crane, Southern Frontier, 81. The Tocobaga were an Indian group (possibly Timucuan speakers) who lived on the Gulf near Tampa Bay early in the historic period. 3. Eugene Lyon, “More Light on the Indians of the Ays Coast” (re- search paper, University of Florida, 1967), 2, copy in P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida, Gainesville; John Mann Goggin, “The Tekesta Indians of Southern Florida,” Florida Historical Quarterly, XVIII (April 1940), 278. 4. William C. Sturtevant, “Chakaika and the ‘Spanish Indians’: Docu- mentary Sources Compared With Seminole Tradition,” Tequesta, XIII (1953), 35-73; Wilfred T. Neill, “The Identity of Florida’s ‘Spanish Indians,’“ Florida Anthropologist, VIII (June 1955), 43-57; John R. Swanton, The Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington, 1946), 102. [259] Published by STARS, 1976 7 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 55 [1976], No. 3, Art. 1 260 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY and families. Since the way of life of the intruders was vastly different from the aborigines, resistance should have been expected. Despite eventual changes in Spain’s policy regarding slavery and treatment of the Indians, and her attempts to pacify the Indians through the mission system, the Florida natives continued their resistance.5 The material culture of the Indians was not greatly altered, mainly because there was so little access to European goods. Florida served as a buffer “for Spain’s richer possessions to the south,” and the crown was little interested in expending any more time or money than was necessary.6 In many areas, white contact was not sustained, and the social life of the Indians endured. The Indians seemed satisfied with their traditional ways; there was no reason to introduce anything new. For example, when the chief of Acuera was asked by De Soto to come forward, he noted proudly that he was king in his own country, and that there was no necessity for him— who had as many subjects as he possessed—to become another’s subject.7 The Indians remained nomadic, wore only skins or moss, used bows and arrows, kept their language, planted crops, prepared foods, and hunted as they did before Europeans arrived.8 Despite efforts to abolish certain habits, either by instilling Christian ideals or through force, the Indians con- tinued to scalp and hack up their enemies, practice premarital 5. On the Spanish missions in Florida, see Mark F. Boyd, Hale G. Smith, and John W.