A PEDAGOGY of CULTURE BASED on CHINESE STORYTELLING TRADITIONS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

A PEDAGOGY of CULTURE BASED on CHINESE STORYTELLING TRADITIONS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

A PEDAGOGY OF CULTURE BASED ON CHINESE STORYTELLING TRADITIONS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Eric Todd Shepherd MA, East Asian Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Galal Walker, Advisor _______________________ Mark Bender Advisor Mari Noda Graduate Program in Dorothy Noyes East Asian Languages and Literatures Copyright by Eric Todd Shepherd 2007 ABSTRACT This dissertation is an historical ethnographic study of the Shandong kuaishu (山东快书) storytelling tradition and an ethnographic account of the folk pedagogy of Wu Yanguo, one professional practitioner of the tradition. At times, the intention is to record, describe and analyze the oral tradition of Shandong kuaishu, which has not been recorded in detail in English language scholarly literature. At other times, the purpose is to develop a pedagogical model informed by the experiences and transmission techniques of the community of study. The ultimate goal is to use the knowledge and experience gained in this study to advance our understanding of and ability to achieve advanced levels of Chinese language proficiency and cultural competence. Through a combination of the knowledge gained from written sources, participant observation, and first-hand performance of Shandong kuaishu, this dissertation shows that complex performances of segments of Chinese culture drawn from everyday life can be constructed through a regimen of performance based training. It is intended to serve as one training model that leads to the development of sophisticated cultural competence. ii Dedicated to Chih-Hsin Annie Tai iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any dissertation is a collaborative effort. The completion of this particular one would not have been possible without the emotional, intellectual, and financial support of a diverse group of people and organizations. First, I must thank the members of my dissertation committee. I thank Galal Walker for inspiring and encouraging me to become a Chinese language teacher. I also thank him for giving me the opportunity to work with him as program officer for the US/China Links program. Without the opportunities to live and learn in Shandong that the position afforded, I would not have been operating at a sophisticated enough level of cultural competence in Chinese to have recognized and taken advantage of the opportunity to learn Shandong kuaishu. Mari Noda has served as a valued mentor and model teacher to emulate. It was in her classes in the SPEAC intensive Japanese program that I began to understand how the performed culture approach is best implemented. Brainstorming sessions with Professor Noda led to many ideas that shape parts of this dissertation and my current teaching approach. Dorothy Noyes, along with Mark Bender, drew me into the world of folklore and oral traditions and has played a critical role in guiding me to deeper understandings of folklore, ethnography and the fieldwork process. Professor Noyes, with the assistance of Barbara Lloyd and Sheila Bock, also arranged for an opportunity to present and perform Shandong kuaishu as part of an Ohio State iv University Center for Folklore Studies lecture series. Many of the ideas in this dissertation, in particular the framework for Chapters 3 and 4, were formulated in preparation for that first post-fieldwork presentation. Professor Noyes also spent countless hours of time reading and offering suggestions for revisions that greatly improved the quality of this dissertation. Finally, although not able to participate in the final oral defense because he is conducting fieldwork in minority areas in southwest China, Mark Bender should be recognized as an integral member of the committee. He has played a leading role in shaping my understanding of Chinese oral traditions from the beginning and it was through Mark that I first learned of Shandong kuaishu. Professor Bender also provided numerous constructive comments based on careful readings of each chapter of the dissertation. In addition to my dissertation committee, I must thank Master Wu Yanguo. Without him, his love of Shandong kuaishu and his willingness to share his knowledge of the tradition with me, this study would not have been possible. It is not every day that someone will devote one year of their life to helping a stranger. The experience with Master Wu changed me and my life forever. He taught me not only an art form but also an approach to life that is full of fun and friendship. Not a day goes by when I do not think about Master Wu and his family or the time I spent learning from them. As the Chinese saying goes, a master for a day is a father for life. I would also like to acknowledge Master Wu’s master, Li Hongji. While my time with Master Li was limited, I thank him for pointing out the v weaknesses in my performances and most importantly for passing the tradition of Shandong kuaishu on to Master Wu. While learning with Master Wu, a number of his friends, students, and acquaintances also offered valuable assistance. Du Minghua, Nian Chuyi, and Dong Jiancheng, the three people who introduced me to Shandong kuaishu and Master Wu deserve special mention. Zhang Bei, an apprentice of Master Wu who started learning shortly after I did, and I were in class together at least once per week during my time in Qingdao so we developed a special brother-sister relationship. We often socialized outside of class, along with her fiancé, Xin Bo, and her mother and father. Zhang Bei, Xin Bo, and her family continually went out of their way to help me adapt to life in Qingdao including giving me advice on how to deal with certain situations, encouraging me during times of frustration, assisting me while making major purchases, spending time with me so that I never felt alone, helping me purchase discounted plane tickets, and taking me to the airport for trips home. Without this emotional assistance, the apprenticeship period would certainly have not gone so smoothly. Seven other families played an integral role in socializing me into Shandong culture during the apprenticeship period. Two of the families, Dai Rixin and Yang Jie and their wives, were high school classmates of Master Wu so we got together with them regularly in their homes and in local restaurants where they politely (and always encouragingly) endured my performances at the very vi early stages of my development. The other five families, Tian Shengwen, Xie Benxin, Wang Enxing, Yin Nan, Master Zhao, and their families, were colleagues and close friends of Master Wu’s from the Qingdao Folk Song and Dance Theatre. All of them welcomed me into Shandong culture with open arms and regularly offered advice and assistance whenever I needed it. Everyone at the Qingdao Folk Song and Dance Theatre assisted me at some point during my time in Qingdao. In particular, without the support of the Theatre’s leaders, including Party Secretary Cao Shiyong, Assistant Theatre Director Li Lefen, Troupe Leader Shan Guogang, and his wife Sun Jinfeng, I would not have had many opportunities to travel and perform with the various troupes that comprise the Theatre. The Qingdao Municipal Ballad Tellers’ Association, Qingdao Municipal Cultural Union, Shandong Performing Artist Association, and the Shandong Kuaishu Research Association also provided official support that made my apprenticeship possible. In particular, Chairman Hao and General Secretary Xie of the Cultural Union were instrumental in officially inviting me as a visiting scholar and in obtaining visa and residence permits. Section Chief, Qin Ke, of the Qingdao Municipal Public Security Bureau Visa Division, was instrumental in making my stay in Qingdao conform to all local policies. I am grateful for his assistance and encouragement. A Presidential Fellowship granted by the Graduate School at the Ohio State University enabled me to work full time on this dissertation for the final vii year of the project. I am deeply in debt to Galal Walker, Mari Noda, Jian Xiaobin, Dorothy Noyes, Etsuyo Yuasa, and Debbie Knicely for the key assistance they provided in the collaborative effort to obtain that fellowship. I would also like to thank Ohio State President Karen Holbrook and her Chief of Staff Pearl Bigfeather for affording me many opportunities to gain invaluable experience at interacting with Chinese people in professional settings as well as for creating opportunities to perform Shandong kuaishu in Columbus. In addition to these people, I owe a heavy debt to many teachers, colleagues and classmates who have influenced my intellectual growth and understanding of Chinese culture. Although it is impossible to mention them all, I am indebted most to Jian Xiaobin of the College of William and Mary, who has been a model, mentor and guide throughout my graduate career. Jin Zhiliang, of Qingdao Ocean University, has played a similar role in the development of my understanding of Shandong culture. He spent many long lunches offering advice during the apprenticeship period. Li Minru, of the National East Asian Language Resource Center at Ohio State, frequently generously offered his time to engage in intellectual discussions about Chinese culture and the Chinese literary tradition, a forum that served as a preliminary sounding board for many ideas in this dissertation. Dr. Li also went out of his way to assist me with many passages of classical Chinese about performance traditions. viii The intellectual environment in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures (DEALL) at Ohio State encouraged me to approach Chinese culture in unique and challenging ways. Graduate seminars on language pedagogy with Charles Quinn and Wang Jianqi, on modern Chinese literature and culture with Kirk Denton, on East Asian scripts with James Unger, and on East Asian performance traditions with Shelley Quinn and Chan Park helped to shape the ideas that led to this dissertation as did early courses on classical Chinese with Lao Yan-shuan.

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